2. Reading activities

2.1 Look at the drawing of a skeleton. Read facts about the skeleton.

The bones in the body are called the skeleton. Our skeleton supports the soft parts and protects the organs from injury. Without a skeleton we would just collapse. There are 206 bones in the human body. The smallest bone is in the ear. There are 26 bones in the backbone or spine. There are 26 bones in each foot and 27 bones in each hand. The longest bone is called the femur or the thigh bone. Bones have a hard layer outside and a strong layer inside.

Bones are classified according to their shape as long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones. The functions of bones are very important. They serve as a structural framework of the body, offer protection for various organs, act as levers which are moved by muscles and thereby permit locomotion and serve as storage depots for calcium and other bone minerals. Besides, red blood cells and granulocytes are formed in the red bone marrow.

3. Post-reading activities

3.1 Suggest the Ukrainian equivalents:

supports the soft parts and protects the organs from injury; the longest bone; a strong layer inside; flat bones; a structural framework of the body; are classified according to their shape; act as levers.

3.2 Suggest the English equivalents:

називаються скелетом; захищає органи від ушкодження; мають твердий шар зовні; кістки неправильної форми; дозволяють рухатися; утворюються в червоному кісткову мозку.

3.3 Say if it is true or false:

1. The bones in the body are called the skeleton.

2. We have over 200 bones in our bodies.

3. The skeleton holds the body up.

4. There are 26 bones in the backbone.

5. Bones are very strong.

6. The longest bone is called the femur.

7. The backbone is called the spine.

8. The smallest bone is inside the brain.

9. There are 26 bones in the foot.

10. The hand has two bones in it.

3.4 Answer the questions to the text:

1. What is the main function of the skeleton? 2. How many bones are there in the human body? 3. Where is the smallest bone? 4. How many bones are there in the spine? 5. What is the name of the longest bone? 6. What kinds of bones are there? 7. Where are red blood cells and granulocytes formed?

3.5 Choose the proper words:

1. Without a skeleton we would just … (die, collapse). 2. The smallest bone is in the … (ear, brain). 3. Bones have a hard layer … (inside, outside). 4. Bones are classified according to their … (shape, weight). 5. Red blood cells and … (granulocytes, lymphocytes) are formed in the red bone marrow. 6. Bones serve as storage depots for calcium and other bone … (minerals, chemicals).

Grammar

Present Perfect Passive

Active	Passive
have (has) + Participle II	have(has) + been + Participle II
He has written a letter today.	The letter has been written today.