Systems of the body

1. Pre-reading activities

1.1 Read and memorize the words:

circulatory – кровоносний cartilage – хрящ

digestive – травний ligaments – зв’язки

respiratory – дихальний urinary – сечовивідний

spinal cord – спинний мозок bone - кістка

1.2 Match the words-combinations:

the chief function регулює об’єм

skeletal muscles кровоносні судини

external environment зовнішнє середовище

air passageways перетравлення

blood vessels головна функція

digestion скелетні м’язи

regulate volume повітряні шляхи

2. Reading activities

2.1 Read and translate the text: systems of the body

There are nine main systems of the body: the skeletal, the muscular, the nervous, the circulatory, the digestive, the respiratory, the urinary, the endocrine and the reproductive systems.

The skeletal system consists of the bones of the body and ligaments and cartilages, which joint them. The chief function of the skeletal system is structural.

The muscular system consists of the skeletal muscles and their associated structures. The main function of this system is to move us about.

The nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord, nerves, ganglia and receptors. It is a complex information system which receives stimuli from external and internal environment and transmits impulses to muscles and glands.

The respiratory system consists of lungs and air passageways. Its main function is to exchange gases between blood and external environment.

The circulatory system consists of the heart, blood vessels and the blood, which is pumped through the blood vessels by the heart. It transports materials from one part of the body to another; the lymphatic system (a subsystem of the circulatory system) defends body against disease.

The digestive system consists of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver and pancreas. It is responsible for digestion and absorption of food. Digestion is the process of breaking down large molecules, including carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, into smaller molecules that can be absorbed from the digestive tract and used by the cells of the body.

The urinary system consists of the kidneys, bladder, urethra and renal ducts. It excretes metabolic wastes; helps regulate volume and composition of blood and other body fluids.

The reproductive system is a system of organs within an organism which work together for the purpose of reproduction.

The endocrine system consists of specialized tissues and endocrine glands, which secrete chemical messengers called hormones. It helps regulate growth, reproduction, use of nutrients by cells, salt and fluid balance, and metabolic rate and also helps us respond to stress.

3. Post-reading activities

3.1 Suggest the Ukrainian equivalents:

nine main systems of the body; bones of the body; to move us about; receives stimuli from external and internal environment; it is responsible for; can be absorbed from the digestive tract; composition of blood; for the purpose of reproduction.

3.2 Give the English equivalents:

зв'язки і хрящі; скелетні м’язи; нервова система; складна інформаційна система; кровоносна система; кровоносні судини; видаляти побічні продукти метаболізму; всмоктуються з травного каналу; регулює ріст; допомагає реагувати на стрес.

3.3 Answer the questions:

1. How many main systems are there in the body? 2. What does the skeletal system consists of? 3. What is the chief function of the skeletal system? 4. What does the muscular system consists of? 5. The nervous system is a complex information system, isn't it? 6. What does the circulatory system consists of? 7. What does the urinary system excrete? 8. What is digestion? 9. What does the endocrine system help to regulate?

3.4 Say if it true or false:

1. There are nine main systems of the body.

2. The chief function of the skeletal system is to excrete waste products.

3. The respiratory system consists of lungs and renal ducts.

4. Digestion is the process of breaking down large molecules into smaller ones.

5. The endocrine system consists of specialized tissues and endocrine ducts.

6. The circulatory system consists of the heart, blood vessels and the blood.

7. The urinary system consists of the kidneys, bladder, urethra and glands.