Exercises

Exercise1 Складіть речення за таблицею.

The hospital The nurses The injections The TV set The book

has been have been

repaired written built given trained

this year. today. this month.

Exercise2 Перекладіть речення українською мовою, звертаючи увагу на стан дієслова:

I. Не has brought some English books today. 2. The textbooks have been already brought from the library. 3. They have been sent to Kyiv this week. 4. They have been in Lviv this year. 5. Our students have fulfilled this task this week. 6. This difficult work has been done just now. 7. My friend will have translated this medical article when you come. S. This text will have been translated by them by 10 o’clock tomorrow. 9. The doctor has already examined all his patients. 10. These patients have not been examined today. 11. The old medical system had been modernized by 1993 year. 12. They have already rebuilt old hospitals and polyclinics.

Lesson 8

Bones and Joints

1. Pre-reading activities

1.1 Read and memorize the words:

tough – міцний, твердий

rigid – жорсткий

junction – з’єднання

immovable – нерухомий

movable – рухомий

1.2 Match the words combinations:

tough and rigid form важливі компоненти

connective tissue дозволяє рухатися

main difference підтримувати баланс

permit movements сполучна тканина

keep a balance тверда і жорстка форма

important components основна відмінність

2. Reading activities

2.1 Read and translate the text. Bones and Joints

Human skeleton is composed of three main components: bones, associated cartilages and joints.

Bone is a tough and rigid form of connective tissue. It is the weight bearing organ of human body and it is responsible for almost all strength of human skeleton.

Cartilage is also a form of connective tissue but is not as tough and rigid as bone. The main difference in the cartilage and bone is the mineralization factor. Bones are highly mineralized with calcium salts while cartilages are not.

Joint is a junction between two or more bones or cartilages. Joints are important components of human skeleton because they make the human skeleton mobile. A joint occurs between two or more bones, bone and cartilage and cartilage and cartilage. It is a device to permit movements in a hard and rigid skeleton. Joints are formed in such a way that they keep a balance between the movement, stability and strength of human skeleton. There are immovable and movable joints. Immovable joints allow no movements.

3. Post-reading activities

3.1 Suggest the Ukrainian equivalents:

is composed of three main components; the weight bearing organ of human body; a form of connective tissue; the mineralization factor; make the human skeleton mobile; a junction between two or more bones.

3.2 Suggest the English equivalents:

форма сполучної тканини; солі кальцію; з’єднання між двома або більше кістками; дозволяє рухатися; підтримують баланс; міцність людського скелету; рухомі суглоби.

3.3 Answer the questions:

1. What is the human skeleton composed of? 2. What is a bone? 3. What is the main difference in the cartilage and bone? 4. Why are joints important components of human skeleton? 5. What joints are there? 6. Immovable joints allow no movements, do they?

3.4 Say if it is true or false:

1. Human skeleton is composed of three four components.

2. Cartilage is not as tough and rigid as bone.

3. Joints make the human skeleton mobile.

4. Movable joints allow no movements.

5. Bone is responsible for almost all strength of human skeleton.