Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial infection. It is spread through inhaling tiny droplets of saliva from the coughs or sneezes of an infected person. TB mainly affects the lungs. However, the infection can spread to many parts of the body, including the bones and nervous system.

Typical symptoms of TB include: a persistent cough, weight loss, night sweats.

The bacteria responsible for TB are very slow moving, so TB develops slowly in the body. You may not experience any symptoms for many months or even years after being infected.

Three things can happen if you are infected with TB:

1) Your immune system (the body’s natural defense against infection and illness) kills the bacteria and you have no further symptoms. This happens in most cases.

2) Your immune system cannot kill the bacteria, but manages to build a defensive barrier around the infection. This means that you will not have any symptoms, but the bacteria will remain in your body. This is known as latent TB.

3) Your immune system fails to kill or contain the infection and it slowly spreads to your lungs. This is known as active TB. If it is not treated, an active TB infection can be fatal. It can damage the lungs to such an extent that a person cannot breathe properly.

With treatment, a TB infection can usually be cured. Most people will need to take a long-term course of antibiotics, which usually lasts for at least six months.

2. Answer the questions to the text:

1. What is tuberculosis? 2. What are the typical symptoms of TB? 3. What does TB mainly affect? 4. What can happen if you are infected with TB? 5. How is TB treated? 5. What do you know about an active TB infection?

Прислівник

Суфікс прислівників:

-lу usual звичайний usually звичайно

month місяць monthly щомісяця

Перекладіть українською мовою:

active — actively, quick — quickly, easy — easily, cold — coldly, week - weekly, first — firstly, day — daily, bad — badly, part — partly, slow — slowly, warm — warmly.

Ступені порівняння прислівників

Види	Основна форма	Вищий ступінь	Найвищий ступінь
Односкладові	soon	sooner	soonest
Багатоскладові	slowly	more slowly	most slowly

Перекладіть речення українською мовою, звертаючи увагу на сполучення прислівників the more ... the better —чим більше ... тим

1. The better you study, the more you know. 2. The longer my father worked at the plaint, the more he liked it. 3. The more you read, the better you know. 4. The sooner you start, the sooner you will finish.

Самостійна робота №7

1. Read and translate the text:

ARTIFICIAL VENTILATION OF LUNGS DURING REANIMATION

In emergency cases, when time and possibilities are limited for detailed examination of the patient, artificial ventilation of lungs is indicated for apnoea, acute respiratory arrhythmia, tachypnoea over 40 per minute. When determining special indications, it is necessary to remember that artificial ventilation of lungs can not only correct hypoventilation, but can also restore the disturbed relationships between regional ventilation and perfusion of the lungs, and save the patient of the respiration work.

The work of respiration can be too difficult for patients with acute respiratory distress because it requires much energy. More­over, it was established that in the presence of artificial venti­lation of lungs, large doses of some medicines which are neces­sary for the patient, but can produce an inhibiting effect on spontaneous respiration, become safe. A concept of prophy­lactic use of artificial ventilation in peritonitis, massive blood loss and eclamptic coma was thus developed. It has been shown that planned artificial ventilation during the postopera­tive and postlabour periods for at least 4 hours, without attempting spontaneous respiration, decreases mortality rate.

2. Answer the questions to the text. Choose the possible variants of your answer from the expressions below:

1. In what cases is artificial ventilation indicated for apnoea, acute res­piratory arrhythmia, tachypnoea, etc.? 2. Why can the work of respira­tion be too difficult for patients with acute respiratory dis­tress? 3. When do large doses of medicines become safe? 4. What does planned artificial ventilation during the postopera­tive and postlabour periods decrease?

(a — the great importance of the time; b — artificial ventila­tion; c — delayed administration; d — observations of more than 800 patients; e — because it requires much energy; f — in emergency cases; g — in presence of artificial ventilation of lungs; h - mortality rate).

Lesson 12