1.1 Read and memorize the words

cell – клітина inclusion – включення

nucleus – ядро cellular – клітинний

cytoplasm – цитоплазма pore - отвір

mammalian – ссавець organelle - органела

leakage - витік, просочування

ingestion – поглинання

1.2 Match the words-combinations:

short life span процес всмоктування

two main parts попереджує витік

the nuclear membrane кліткова оболонка

the cell membrane дві основні частини

contains tiny holes оточуюче середовище

prevents leakage коротка тривалість життя

the surrounding environment механізм захисту

the process of absorption оболонка ядра

a mechanism of defense вміщує крихітні отвори

1. Reading activities

2.1 Read and translate the text cells

A large number of cells make up our body. They range from small cell, some of which have a short life span, to others which are extremely large and which may survive in our body as long as we remain alive.

Structurally, each of the cells is divided into two main parts, the nucleus and the cytoplasm. The nucleus is a large, spherical structure. It is surrounded by cytoplasm. The nucleus is the most important structure of the cell. It is present in all mammalian and keratinized cells. Very often nuclei serve as the basis for diagnosing a pathologic process.

A double membrane, the nuclear membrane, separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm. The cytoplasm contains many well-organized structures, called organelles and inclusions. The inclusions contain food and secretory and pigment granules.

The cell membrane is the thin membrane which surrounds the cytoplasm. The cellular membrane contains lipid and protein molecules. The membrane also contains tiny holes, called pores. The cellular membrane prevents leakage of the inner cellular structures into the surrounding environment. The membrane keeps certain unwanted substances from entering the cell but admits other substances that are necessary for maintaining cellular life.

Pinocytosis is the process of absorption of liquids through a cellular membrane. Phagocytosis refers to the process of ingestion or moving of solids through the cell membrane. Phagocytosis is a mechanism of defense against bacteria, or other harmful substances, since these substances are ingested by the cells that combat inflammation.

3.Post-reading activities

3.1 Give the Ukrainian equivalents:

A large number of cells; a short life span; two main parts; the nucleus and the cytoplasm; it is surrounded by cytoplasm; for diagnosing a pathologic process; separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm; the cell membrane; lipid and protein molecules; the process of absorption of liquids; a mechanism of defense against bacteria.

3.2 Give the English equivalents for:

Коротка тривалість життя; поділяється на дві головні частини; найбільш важлива структура; корисні для гістологів; подвійна оболонка; крихітний отвір; запобігає витоку; небажані речовини; інші шкідливі речовини.

3.3 Say if it is true or false:

1. Some cells may survive in our body as long as we remain alive.

2. Each of the cells is divided into three main parts.

3. The nucleus is a large, spherical structure.

4. The nucleus is surrounded by cytoplasm.

5. A double membrane separates the nucleus from the organelles.

6. The cell membrane is the thick membrane which surrounds the cytoplasm.

7. Phagocytosis is a mechanism of defense against bacteria.

3.4 Finish the sentences:

1. A large number of cells ... . 2. The nucleus is a .... 3. It is important because ... . 4. Very frequently nuclei serve ... . 5. The cytoplasm contains many ... . 6. The cellular membrane contains … . 7. The membrane keeps certain ... . 8. Phagocytosis is ... . 9. Pinocytosis ....