2. Reading activities

2.1 Read and comprehend the text:

Endocrine system

The endocrine system regulates many functions of an organism by means of specific chemical substances released from glands into the bloodstream. The glands are located in different regions of the body. The chemical substances are called hormones. Some hormones stimulate the growth of bones, the others can control metabolism within the cells of the body. There are glands of internal secretion (endocrine glands) and glands of external secretion (exocrine glands). The endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. The exocrine glands secrete hormones into ducts which lead to the exterior of the body. Pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal glands, gonads, pineal gland and thymus gland belong to endocrine glands. Mammary, mucous, salivary, lachrymal and sweat glands belong to exocrine ones.

Adenohypophysis produces hormone called somatotropin which stimulates protein synthesis in organs and tissues and causes growth. The thyroid gland secretes hormone called thyroxin. It intensifies the expenditure of carbohydrates, fats and proteins. Parathyroid hormone regulates calcium level in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid. The pineal gland secretes melatonin which affects skin pigmentation.

3. Post-reading activities

3.1 Answer the questions to the text:

1. By what means does the endocrine system regulate different functions of an organism? 2. Where are hormones released from? 3. What can the hormones do? 4. What glands are of internal secretion? 5. What glands are exocrine ones? 6. What glands regulate calcium level in the blood? 7. What does somatotropin stimulate? 8. What is the function of thyroid gland?

3.2 Suggest the Ukrainian equivalents for:

by means of specific chemical substances released from glands; different regions of the body; stimulate the growth of bones; control metabolism within the cells of the body; glands of internal secretion; glands of external secretion; directly into the bloodstream; belong to endocrine glands; intensifies the expenditure of carbohydrates, fats, proteins; regulates calcium level in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid; affects skin pigmentation.

3.3 Fill in:

1. The ... are located in different regions of the body. 2. The chemical substances are called .... 3. There are glands of... secretion and glands ... . 4. Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the ... . 5. … stimulates synthesis of protein in organs and tissues. 6. Thyroxin intensifies the ... of carbohydrates, fats and proteins. 7. ... gland secretes melatonin. 8. ... hormone regulates calcium level the blood and cerebrospinal fluid.

3.4 Say if it is true or false:

1. The glands are located in different regions of the body.

2. The chemical substances are called s.

3. The endocrine glands secrete hormones into the ducts.

4. Mammary, mucous, salivary, lachrymal and sweat glands belong to endocrine glands.

5. The pituitary gland is composed of adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis.

6. Somatotropine stimulates carbohydrates synthesis in organs and tissues.

7. The pineal gland secretes melatonin which affects skin pigmentation.

3.5 Tell about the endocrine system using the following plan:

1. Tell about the function of the E.S. (and by means of what this function is performed).

2. What can hormones do?

3. Two groups of glands.

4. The difference between these groups of glands.

5. Name all the glands.

6. Location of the glands.

7. Hormones (what glands release hormones and the function of these hormones).