Grammar Сполучник

За своєю структурою сполучники поділяються на:

- прості (що складаються з одного кореня): and, but, or, that, if, so, though та ін.

Nick and Pete are students.

- похідні (що мають у своєму складі суфікси або префікси): unless, because, until та ін.

Wait until I get my coat.

• складні (які складаються з двох, рідше — трьох коренів): therefore, however, nevertheless та ін.

• складені (які складаються з кількох слів): as soon as, as well as, in order to, as if та ін.

I will ring you up as soon as I come home.

Деякі складені сполучники називаються парними, тому що вони складаються з двох частин, розділених іншими

словами: not only... but also не тільки... але й; both... and

як... так і; neither... nor ні...ні.

Neither his father nor his mother works here.

1.2 Translate the following according to the models:

1. Both his brother and sister are the students of dental technical department. 2. He is either a doctor's assistant or a dental technician. 3. He has neither sister nor brother. 4. She passed not only special medical check-up but also diagnostic tests. 5. They practice neither a good oral hygiene nor proper tooth brushing. 6. He is either at the office or at the laboratory. 7. They eat neither fruits nor vegetables.

Самостійна робота 8

1. Read and translate the text: Gastrointestinal Diseases

There are many types of digestive disorders. They are also called gastrointestinal diseases. These include: dyspepsia or indigestion, gastritis, colitis, gastroenteritis, ulcerative colitis and many others. The symptoms of indigestion are: pain or discomfort in the upper abdomen, feeling full or bloated, heartburn, nausea. Indigestion is a common problem and many people have it from time to time. Most people will not need to seek medical advice for their indigestion. However, it can be a sign of an underlying health condition that affects the digestive system.

Ulcers are open sores in the lining of the stomach and small intestine. Alcohol use, cigarette smoking, stress, or poor diet can cause an overproduction of acid. Ulcers are often a result of this excess acidic condition. They may bleed or penetrate the stomach tissue. Ulcers may be treated with medications and diet, but surgery is sometimes necessary.

Gastroenteritis is an infection of the stomach and bowel. The most common symptoms are repeated episodes of diarrhea (three or more episodes within the space of 24 hours) and vomiting. Gastroenteritis can be caused by a virus or by a number of different types of bacteria. Typically, bacterial gastroenteritis develops as a result of food poisoning.

Ulcerative colitis causes the colon to become inflamed (swollen) and in severe cases, ulcers (painful sores) may form on the lining of the colon. These ulcers can bleed and produce mucus and pus. Symptoms of ulcerative colitis can range from mild to severe. They can flare up and then disappear (go into remission) for months or even years. Mild condition can usually be controlled using medication. One in five people with ulcerative colitis have severe symptoms that often respond less well to medication. In these cases, it may be necessary to surgically remove the colon.

2. Answer the questions to the text:

1. What gastrointestinal diseases do you know? 2. What are the symptoms of indigestion? 3. What are ulcers? 4. How may ulcers be treated? 5. What is gastroenteritis? 6. How many people with ulcerative colitis have severe symptoms? 7. What does ulcerative colitis cause?

Lesson 13