- •I. Read the words according to the type of syllable
- •Аффиксацией
- •Конверсией
- •Словосложением
- •III. Memorize the following words:
- •IV. Read the text The Human Body
- •Part I. Anatomy. The Human Body. Lesson 2
- •Read the words according to the type of syllable
- •II. It is essential to know that:
- •III. Master the pronunciation of the words. Guess their meaning:
- •IV. Memorize new words:
- •V. Give Russian equivalents the following word-combinations:
- •VI. Read and translate one-rooted words:
- •VII. Render from Russian into English:
- •VIII. Read the text . Write out English equivalents to the following word-combinations:
- •Human body systems
- •Cardiovascular system
- •IX. Find the word-combinations in the text and translate them into Russian:
- •X. Make the sentences complete:
- •XI. Make the spidergram complete:
- •Part I. Anatomy. The Human Body. Lesson 3
- •II. It is essential to know that:
- •III. Master the pronunciation and guess the meaning of the words:
- •IV. Memorize new words:
- •Blood vessel
- •XIII. Find the sentences in the text where the adjectives are used in the comparative or superlative degree. Render them from English into Russian.
- •XIV. Fill in the gaps using the given numbers:
- •XV. Translate the following words-combinations from Russian into English:
- •XVI. Substitute English words for the Russian ones:
- •XVII. Fill in the gaps with proper words in the right column:
- •XVIII. Make the sentences complete:
- •XIX. Say what you can about the functions of the following vessels:
- •XX. Translate from Russian into English:
- •XXI. Listen to the text “Circulatory System” and give its summary in Russian.
- •Lesson 4
- •II. It is essential to know:
- •IX. Give synonyms to the underlined words:
- •X. Substitute English words for the Russian ones:
- •XI. Render from Russian into English:
- •XII. Speak about the functions of the lymphatic system using the scheme:
- •Lesson 5
- •Read the following words according to the syllable:
- •2.It is essential to know:
- •4.Mix and match:
- •5.4Fill in the gaps with the words below:
- •7.Find the pairs of words belonging to one and the same part of speech, and having the same suffixes:
- •8.Define the part of speech of the underlined words and translate the sentences into Russian:
- •9.Read and translate the following word-combinations:
- •10.Substitute English words for the Russian ones:
- •11.Answer the question what is… using the given definitions:
- •13. Read the text:
- •Lesson 6
- •I. Memorize new words:
- •VI. Mix and match:
- •Respiratory System
- •VIII. Read the text:
- •I. Запомните произношение форм следующих неправильных глаголов:
- •II. Прочтите следующие глаголы по правилу чтения окончания –ed:
- •III. Прочтите, переведите и определите, какие глаголы являются переходными и могут употребляться в страдательном залоге (Passive Voice):
- •IV. Прочтите и переведите следующие формы глаголов в страдательном залоге на русский язык с помощью возвратной частицы –ся:
- •V. Read and translate the sentences in Passive:
- •Lesson 8 Part II
- •Memorize new words:
- •Master the pronunciation of the derivatives and translate them into Russian:
- •Read and translate one-rooted words:
- •Match the verbs and their definition:
- •Match words of opposite meaning:
- •Memorize the names of the main parts of the small intestine:
- •Read the text: Part II
- •Lesson 9 Digestive System Part III
- •I. Выучите новые слова:
- •II. Образуйте прилагательные, используя данные суффиксы, переведите их на русский язык:
- •III. Запомните правило!
- •IV. Master the pronunciation of the words used in the text, match their meaning:
- •V. Обратите внимание на то, что слово like может быть:
- •VI. Read and translate the sentences and word-combinations incorporating new words:
- •VII. Read and translate Participle II in the function of an attribute:
- •VIII. Read the sentences, define the function of Participle II. Translate the sentences into Russian:
- •IX. Read the text: Digestive System
- •X. Find the sentences incorporating Participle II, define the functions of these Participles, render the sentences into Russian.
- •XI. Substitute English words for Russian ones:
- •XII. While listening to the text fill in the gaps with the proper words: Liver
- •XIII. Render from Russian into English:
- •I. Essential words to know:
- •VI. Fill in the gaps using the words in the box:
- •VIII. Read the text:
- •IX. Ask questions to the underlined words:
- •X. Find ing-forms in the text and define their parts o speech.
- •XI. Make the sentences complete:
- •XII. Fill in the gaps with proper words given below:
- •XIII. Render from Russian into English:
- •XIV. Listen to the text and retell it in Russian:
- •Vocabulary.
- •I. Запомните правило:
- •II. Essential words to know:
- •III. Read and translate one-rooted words:
- •IV. Read and translate word-combinations incorporating new words:
- •V. Mix and match:
- •VII. Find the words with the same suffixes belonging to one and the same part of speech:
- •VIII. Master the pronunciation of the following words before reading the text:
- •IX. Read the text:
- •X. Substitute English words for the Russian ones:
- •VI. Fill in the gaps in the sentences using the words in the box:
- •XI. Listen to the text, retell it in Russian:
- •Vocabulary notes.
- •XII. Study the amazing facts about the bones:
- •I.Запомните правило:
- •II. Essential words to know:
- •III . Read and translate one-rooted words:
- •IV. Define the part of speech. Translate the words into Russian:
- •V. Fill in the gaps using the words in the box:
- •VI. Mix and match:
- •VII. Read the word-combinations incorporating new words:
- •VIII. Master the pronunciation of the following words :
- •IX. Give Russian equivalents to these word-combinations:
- •Читая текст, обратите внимание на предложения со словом «counter» :
- •XI .Read the text:
- •XII. Make the sentences complete:
- •XIII. Substitute English words for the Russian ones:
- •XIV. Listen to the text “Smooth muscle” and retell it in Russian. Before listening, look through the list of words:
- •XV. Render from Russian into English:
- •XVI. Read and translate some “Fun Facts” about muscular system:
- •I. Master the pronounciation of the following words, find their meaning in the list below:
- •II. Essential words to know:
- •III. Запомните правило:
- •IV. Read and translate one-rooted words:
- •VI. Find the pairs of words belonging to one and the same part of speech and having the same suffixes:
- •VIII. Render from English into Russian the word-combinations incorporating new words:
- •IX. Mix and match:
- •X. ! Запомните правило
- •Translate from Russian into English:
- •XII. Define what nouns are substituted, render from English into Russian:
- •XIII.Find in the text English equivalents to the following word- combinations:
- •XIV. Read and translate the text:
- •XV. Make the sentences complete:
- •XVI. Fill in the gaps with the words in the box :
- •Escaping gases, movement and rough surfaces.
- •XVII. Read some fun facts about musculoskeletal system:
II. It is essential to know:
К неопределенным местоимениям (indefinite pronouns) относятся местоимения some, any, no (и их производные), none, much, many, little, few, all, both, either, neither, each, every (и их производные), other, one.
! Remember
Местоимения some, any, no.
a) some [sΛm] – несколько, некоторые, некоторое количество (употребляется в утвердительных предложениях).
e.g. some vessels – несколько сосудов
some blood – некоторое количество крови
b) any [΄æni] – сколько-нибудь, какие-нибудь (употребляется в вопросительных и утвердительных предложениях).
N.B. any cо значением любой, всякий может потребляться в утвердительных и вопросительных предложениях.
e.g. You may buy this remedy at any chemist’s. – Вы можете купить это лекарство в любой аптеке.
c) no [nou] – ни один, никакой, нисколько.
N.B. При наличии no глагол в предложении употребляется в утвердительной форме, т.к. в английском предложении может быть только одно отрицание.
e.g. No information was received from our suppliers. – Никакой информации не было получено от поставщиков.
Read and translate the following sentences, pay attention to the translation of infinite pronouns:
There are some branches of the aorta.
Lymph has no color.
This vessel drains some blood from the capillaries.
These cells in the human body have no contact with the blood.
Some nutrients can pass from the blood into tissues.
Some veins, particularly veins in the legs, have valves (клапаны) them.
Some people with an inadequate blood supply have no pain at all.
Even serious heart disease may produce no symptoms.
Some knowledge of drug names can help in understanding drug product labels.
Any drug has there names: a chemical name, a generic name and trade name.
! Remember
Суффикс –ion образует существительные от глагольных корней. Cочетания –tion и –ssion читаются [∫n], а сочетание –sion после гласной читается [ʒn].
e.g. to consult [kәn΄sΛlt] – консультировать
consultation [kәnsΛl΄tei∫n] – консультация
N.B. В большинстве случаев, если глагол, от которого образуется существительное, заканчивается на звук [d], то данное существительное приобретает суффикс –sion [ʒn].
e.g. to decide [di’said] – решать
decision [di΄siʒn] – решение
N.B. Многие существительные с данными суффиксами заимствованы в русский язык с суффиксами –ция, -сия.
e.g. operation - операция
session – сессия
Read and translate the following words:
revolution, organization, demonstration, profession, commission, function, production, discussion, formation, variation, manipulation, regulation, radiation, fermentation;
! Remember
Суффиксы -able [əbl], ible [ibl] образуют прилагательные от основы глаголов. Во многих случаях эти суффиксы придают прилагательному дополнительный смысл – «способный к…».
e.g. to change – менять, меняться
changeable – изменяемый
Read and translate the following words (use the dictionary if necessary):
readable, eatable, absorbable, responsible, comfortable, considerable, dissoluble, comparable, convertible, suitable;
Master the pronunciation of the words and guess their meaning:
gastrointestinal [ֽgæstroin΄testinl]
virus [΄vaiərəs]; viruses [΄vaiərəsiz]
bacterium [bæk΄tiəriəm]; bacteria [bæk΄tiəriə]
fungus [΄fΛŋgəs]; fungi [΄fΛndʒai]
gland [glænd]
tonsil [΄tɔnsl]
appendix [ə΄pendiks]
filter [΄filtə]
mass [mæs]
lymph [limf]
lymphoid [΄limfoid]
lymphatic [lim΄fætik]
absorbable [əb΄sɔ:bəbl]
Memorize new words:
channel [t∫ænl] – n. канал, путь, щель
multiple [΄mΛltipl] – a. множественный, многочисленный, многократный
to assist [ə΄sist] – v. помогать, содействовать
disease [di΄zi:z] – n. болезнь
to maintain [men΄tein] – v. поддерживать (в каком-либо состоянии)
similar [΄similə] – a. подобный, похожий, сходный
defense [di΄fens] – n. защита, оборона
invasion [in΄veiʒn] – n. 1) вторжение, внедрение паразита; 2) начало болезни
to consist [kən΄sist] – v. состоять из
marrow [΄mærou] – n. костный мозг
node [noud] – n. 1) узел; 2) нарост, утолщение
thymus [θaiməs] – n. зобная железа = thymus gland
stomach [΄stΛmək] – n. желудок
spleen [spli:n] – n. селезенка
both [bouθ] – pron. оба
both … and (парный союз) – как …, так и ….; и …, и….
fat [fæt] – n.жир, жировая клетчатка; adj. жирный, полный
nutrient [΄nju:triənt] – n.питательное вещество; adj. питательный
Read and translate one-rooted words:
spleen, splenic
to invade, invasion
to assist, assistant
to defend, defense
to carry, carrier
to provide, provider, provision
various, variable, to vary
cell, cellular
muscle, muscular
to circulate, circulatory, circulation
Read and give Russian equivalents to the following word-combinations:
lymph nodes; lymphatic vessel; lymphatic system, lymph channels; lymph flow; lymph gland; lymphoid tissue; defense reaction; defense mechanism; assistant pharmacist; marrow cell; bone marrow; splenic artery; splenic vein; stomach-ache; stomach fermentation; stomach wall; virus disease; intracellular fat, fatly acids; fats under the skin; complex fats
Find in the text English equivalents to the following Russian word-combinations:
инородные тела; внутренние полости; яйцеобразный орган; основание шеи; миндалевидная структура
Read the text:
The Lymphatic System
Part 1
All tissues are made of cells, and, in between various cells, there are very tiny channels with fluid collection. This fluid is called lymph. Lymph has no color, no smell, and is easily absorbable.
The lymphatic system has multiple jobs. It assists in the fight against foreign bodies and diseases in the blood flow and bodily tissues. It transports fats and nutrients from the gastrointestinal tract. It maintains fluids in the body tissue. The lymphatic system is both structurally and functionally similar to the body's circulatory system. The lymphatic system and the circulatory system often work together to form a defense against foreign invasion by viruses, bacteria, or fungi.
The lymphatic system consists macroscopically of: the bone marrow, spleen, thymus gland, lymph nodes, tonsils, appendix, and some other organs. Tissue within the internal cavities of the bones is called bone marrow. Spleen is a dark-red ovoid organ situated on the left side of the body below and behind the stomach. Thymus is an organ situated in the root of the neck, above and in front of the heart. Lymph node is a small, almond-shaped structure, which acts as a filter for the lymph. Tonsil is a mass of lymphoid tissue on both sides of the back of the mouth.