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английский 1-13 урок.docx
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  1. Читая текст, обратите внимание на предложения со словом «counter» :

e.g. These countering movements are balanced.

Muscles are countered by muscles that straighten it.

N.B. Слово «counter» в английском языке может быть :

1.частью речи – а) глаголом-«противостоять», «противодействовать»

б) прилагательным –« противоположный»

С) существительным-«обратное», «противное»

2. приставкой – «противо»-, «контр»-

e.g. counteraction-противодействие; counterbalance-противовес; counterpart-копия, дубликат; counterweight-противовес

Скажите, в каком значении употребляется слово «counter» в тексте.

XI .Read the text:

Muscles

There are three types of muscles: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac (heart). Two of these kinds -skeletal and smooth - are part of the musculoskeletal system.

Skeletal muscle is what most people think of as muscle, the type that can be contracted to move the various parts of the body. Skeletal muscles are bundles of contractile fibers that are organized in a regular pattern, so that under a microscope they appear as stripes (hence, they are also called striped or striated muscles). Skeletal muscles vary in their speeds of contraction. Skeletal muscles, which are responsible for posture and movement, are attached to bones and arranged in opposing groups around joints. For example, muscles that bend the elbow (biceps) are countered by muscles that straighten it (triceps). These countering movements are balanced. The balance makes movements smooth, which helps prevent damage to the musculoskeletal system. Skeletal muscles are controlled by the brain and are considered voluntary muscles because they operate with a person's awareness. The size and strength of skeletal muscles are maintained or increased by regular exercise. In addition, growth hormone and testosterone help muscles grow in childhood and maintain their size in adulthood.

Smooth muscle is an involuntary non-striated muscle. It is divided into sub-groups: the single-unit and multiunit muscle. Within single-unit (smooth) muscle tissues, the autonomic nervous system innervates a single cell within a bundle. Multiunit smooth muscle tissues innervate individual cell; as such, they allow for fine control and gradual responses, much like motor unit recruitment in skeletal muscle.

Smooth muscle is found within the walls of blood vessels such as in the layer of large (aorta) and small arteries, arterioles and veins. Smooth muscle is also found in lymphatic vessels, the urinary bladder, uterus, male and female reproductive tracts, gastrointestinal tract, etc. The structure and the function is basically the same in smooth muscle cells in different organs.

XII. Make the sentences complete:

1. Smooth muscles are sometimes called …. muscles.

2. This type of muscles can not be … .

3. Smooth muscles are found in the … system allowing …. to make its journey through the body.

4. Skeletal muscles are sometimes called … muscles because the light and … parts of the muscle fibers make them look striped.

5. Skeletal muscles are …. muscles, which means that a man can … what they do.

6. Skeletal muscles help to make up the …. system.

7. In most cases, a skeletal muscle is …. to one end of a bone.

8. It stretches all the way across a …. and then attaches again to another bone.

9. The skeletal muscles work together with the bones to give the body power and …. .

striated; digestive; attached; joint; involuntary; musculoskeletal; controlled; strength; voluntary; food; control; dark;

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