
- •I. Read the words according to the type of syllable
- •Аффиксацией
- •Конверсией
- •Словосложением
- •III. Memorize the following words:
- •IV. Read the text The Human Body
- •Part I. Anatomy. The Human Body. Lesson 2
- •Read the words according to the type of syllable
- •II. It is essential to know that:
- •III. Master the pronunciation of the words. Guess their meaning:
- •IV. Memorize new words:
- •V. Give Russian equivalents the following word-combinations:
- •VI. Read and translate one-rooted words:
- •VII. Render from Russian into English:
- •VIII. Read the text . Write out English equivalents to the following word-combinations:
- •Human body systems
- •Cardiovascular system
- •IX. Find the word-combinations in the text and translate them into Russian:
- •X. Make the sentences complete:
- •XI. Make the spidergram complete:
- •Part I. Anatomy. The Human Body. Lesson 3
- •II. It is essential to know that:
- •III. Master the pronunciation and guess the meaning of the words:
- •IV. Memorize new words:
- •Blood vessel
- •XIII. Find the sentences in the text where the adjectives are used in the comparative or superlative degree. Render them from English into Russian.
- •XIV. Fill in the gaps using the given numbers:
- •XV. Translate the following words-combinations from Russian into English:
- •XVI. Substitute English words for the Russian ones:
- •XVII. Fill in the gaps with proper words in the right column:
- •XVIII. Make the sentences complete:
- •XIX. Say what you can about the functions of the following vessels:
- •XX. Translate from Russian into English:
- •XXI. Listen to the text “Circulatory System” and give its summary in Russian.
- •Lesson 4
- •II. It is essential to know:
- •IX. Give synonyms to the underlined words:
- •X. Substitute English words for the Russian ones:
- •XI. Render from Russian into English:
- •XII. Speak about the functions of the lymphatic system using the scheme:
- •Lesson 5
- •Read the following words according to the syllable:
- •2.It is essential to know:
- •4.Mix and match:
- •5.4Fill in the gaps with the words below:
- •7.Find the pairs of words belonging to one and the same part of speech, and having the same suffixes:
- •8.Define the part of speech of the underlined words and translate the sentences into Russian:
- •9.Read and translate the following word-combinations:
- •10.Substitute English words for the Russian ones:
- •11.Answer the question what is… using the given definitions:
- •13. Read the text:
- •Lesson 6
- •I. Memorize new words:
- •VI. Mix and match:
- •Respiratory System
- •VIII. Read the text:
- •I. Запомните произношение форм следующих неправильных глаголов:
- •II. Прочтите следующие глаголы по правилу чтения окончания –ed:
- •III. Прочтите, переведите и определите, какие глаголы являются переходными и могут употребляться в страдательном залоге (Passive Voice):
- •IV. Прочтите и переведите следующие формы глаголов в страдательном залоге на русский язык с помощью возвратной частицы –ся:
- •V. Read and translate the sentences in Passive:
- •Lesson 8 Part II
- •Memorize new words:
- •Master the pronunciation of the derivatives and translate them into Russian:
- •Read and translate one-rooted words:
- •Match the verbs and their definition:
- •Match words of opposite meaning:
- •Memorize the names of the main parts of the small intestine:
- •Read the text: Part II
- •Lesson 9 Digestive System Part III
- •I. Выучите новые слова:
- •II. Образуйте прилагательные, используя данные суффиксы, переведите их на русский язык:
- •III. Запомните правило!
- •IV. Master the pronunciation of the words used in the text, match their meaning:
- •V. Обратите внимание на то, что слово like может быть:
- •VI. Read and translate the sentences and word-combinations incorporating new words:
- •VII. Read and translate Participle II in the function of an attribute:
- •VIII. Read the sentences, define the function of Participle II. Translate the sentences into Russian:
- •IX. Read the text: Digestive System
- •X. Find the sentences incorporating Participle II, define the functions of these Participles, render the sentences into Russian.
- •XI. Substitute English words for Russian ones:
- •XII. While listening to the text fill in the gaps with the proper words: Liver
- •XIII. Render from Russian into English:
- •I. Essential words to know:
- •VI. Fill in the gaps using the words in the box:
- •VIII. Read the text:
- •IX. Ask questions to the underlined words:
- •X. Find ing-forms in the text and define their parts o speech.
- •XI. Make the sentences complete:
- •XII. Fill in the gaps with proper words given below:
- •XIII. Render from Russian into English:
- •XIV. Listen to the text and retell it in Russian:
- •Vocabulary.
- •I. Запомните правило:
- •II. Essential words to know:
- •III. Read and translate one-rooted words:
- •IV. Read and translate word-combinations incorporating new words:
- •V. Mix and match:
- •VI. Fill in the gaps in the sentences using the words in the box:
- •VII. Find the words with the same suffixes belonging to one and the same part of speech:
- •VIII. Master the pronunciation of the following words before reading the text:
- •IX. Read the text:
- •X. Substitute English words for the Russian ones:
- •XI. Listen to the text, retell it in Russian:
- •Vocabulary notes.
- •XII. Study the amazing facts about the bones:
- •I.Запомните правило:
- •II. Essential words to know:
- •III . Read and translate one-rooted words:
- •IV. Define the part of speech. Translate the words into Russian:
- •V. Fill in the gaps using the words in the box:
- •VI. Mix and match:
- •VII. Read the word-combinations incorporating new words:
- •VIII. Master the pronunciation of the following words :
- •IX. Give Russian equivalents to these word-combinations:
- •Читая текст, обратите внимание на предложения со словом «counter» :
- •XI .Read the text:
- •XII. Make the sentences complete:
- •XIII. Substitute English words for the Russian ones:
- •XIV. Listen to the text “Smooth muscle” and retell it in Russian. Before listening, look through the list of words:
- •XV. Render from Russian into English:
- •XVI. Read and translate some “Fun Facts” about muscular system:
- •I. Master the pronounciation of the following words, find their meaning in the list below:
- •II. Essential words to know:
- •III. Запомните правило:
- •IV. Read and translate one-rooted words:
- •VI. Find the pairs of words belonging to one and the same part of speech and having the same suffixes:
- •VIII. Render from English into Russian the word-combinations incorporating new words:
- •IX. Mix and match:
- •X. ! Запомните правило
- •Translate from Russian into English:
- •XII. Define what nouns are substituted, render from English into Russian:
- •XIII.Find in the text English equivalents to the following word- combinations:
- •XIV. Read and translate the text:
- •XV. Make the sentences complete:
- •XVI. Fill in the gaps with the words in the box :
- •Escaping gases, movement and rough surfaces.
- •XVII. Read some fun facts about musculoskeletal system:
VI. Mix and match:
1. sac 2. pump 3. sponge 4. release 5. breath 6. delivery |
a. a machine for moving gas or liquid into or out of something |
b. the act of letting a chemical gas etc. flow out of it’s usual container |
|
c. a part inside of a plant or animal that is shaped like a bag and contains air or liquid. |
|
d. the act or process of bringing something to the person or place |
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e. a piece of a soft natural or artificial substance full of small holes |
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f. the air that one takes in and out of the lungs |
|
|
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Respiratory System
The primary function of the respiratory system is to supply the blood with oxygen in order for the blood to deliver oxygen to all parts of the body. The respiratory system performs this function through breathing. When a person breathes, he inhales oxygen and exhales carbon dioxide. This exchange of gases is the respiratory system’s means of getting oxygen to the blood.
Respiration is provided through the mouth, nose, trachea, lungs, and diaphragm. Oxygen enters the respiratory system through the mouth and the nose. The oxygen then passes through the larynx and the trachea which is a tube that enters the chest cavity. In the chest cavity, the trachea is divided into two smaller tubes called the bronchi. Each bronchus then divides again forming the bronchial tubes. The bronchial tubes lead directly into the lungs where they divide into many smaller tubes which connect to tiny sacs called alveoli. The average adult’s lungs contain about 600 million of these spongy, air-filled sacs that are surrounded by capillaries. The inhaled oxygen passes into the alveoli and then diffuses through the capillaries into the arterial blood. Meanwhile, the waste-rich blood from veins releases its carbon dioxide into the alveoli. The carbon dioxide follows the same path out of the lungs when a man exhales.
The diaphragm assists in pumping the carbon dioxide out of the lungs and pulls the oxygen into lungs. The diaphragm is a sheet of muscles that lies across the bottom of the chest cavity. As the diaphragm contracts and relaxes, breathing takes place. When the diaphragm contracts, oxygen is pulled into the lungs. When the diaphragm relaxes, carbon dioxide is pumped out of the lungs.
Lesson 7 Запомните правило:
1. Суффикс -ive образует прилагательные от глаголов. Многие слова с этим суффиксом заимствованы в русский язык с суффиксом -вный
e.g. active [΄æktiv]- активный
Прочтите и догадайтесь о значении этих слов:
effective, positive, negative, collective, illustrative, constructive, directive, communicative, informative, detective, intensive, impulsive, expressive, deductive, conservative, defective, decorative, destructive, consultative, massive, sedative, administrative, radio-active
2.Суффикс -en образует глаголы от существительных и прилагательных:
e.g. deep - глубокий – deepen [di:pən] - углублять
Прочтите и переведите следующие пары слов, пользуйтесь словарем, если необходимо:
wide - widen ; strength - strengthen ; light - lighten ; length - lengthen ;
thick - thicken ; soft - soften ; dark - darken ; ripe - ripen ; moist - moisten
3 В английском языке существует неличная форма глагола, которая называется
Герундий (Gerund) . Герундий образуется добавлением окончания -ing .
Герундий выражает опредмеченное действие, т.е. называет какое-либо действие
или процесс:
e.g. to run - бежать - running- бег
to smoke - курить - smoking- курение
В русском языке соответствующая форма отсутствует. Герундий обладает как свойствами существительного, так и свойствами глагола, поэтому на русский язык может переводиться и существительным и инфинитивом (неопределенной формой глагола). В предложении герундий может выполнять ряд функций . Он может быть:
1. подлежащим
Reading is my hobby - Чтение (читать) - мое хобби.
2. частью сказуемого (именного или составного глагольного)
My hobby is reading -Мое хобби - чтение (читать).
I finished reading this book- Я закончил чтение (читать) эту книгу.
3. дополнением (прямым или косвенным)
I like reading books -Я люблю чтение (читать) книги. I am fond of reading - Я люблю читать (чтение).
4. определением
I like the idea of reading this book aloud - Мне нравится идея читать вслух эту книгу.
5. обстоятельством
After reading the book I went to bed - Почитав книгу, я пошел спать.
N.B. В функции определения и обстоятельства герундий стоит в предложении с предлогом перед ним.
Запомните, как будут переводиться следующие предлоги в сочетании с герундием в функции обстоятельства:
in + Gerund - при
on + Gerund – после, по
by + Gerund – путем, при помощи
through + Gerund – благодаря, из-за
without + Gerund - без или отрицательной формой деепричастия
N.B. Как существительное, герундий может определяться притяжательным местоимением:
I think of her entering the institute -Я думаю о ее поступлении в институт.
или существительным в притяжательном падеже:
I think of my sister's entering the institute - Я думаю о поступлении моей сестры в институт
N.B. Как глагол, герундий может иметь при себе прямое дополнение.
I remember reading this book - Я помню, что читал эту книгу.
или наречие:
I like reading aloud - Я люблю читать вслух.
Прочтите и переведите следующие предложения, обращая особое внимание на перевод герундия:
The human organism gets oxygen from breathing in air.
The respiratory system performs this function though breathing.
This exchange of gases is the means of getting oxygen to the blood.
The diaphragm assists in pumping the carbon dioxide out of the lungs.
Breathing takes place when the diaphragm contracts and relaxes.
Memorize new words:
to break down [breik daun] (broke, broken) - разрушать, расщеплять, распадать(ся) на части
to include [in΄klu:d] – включать (в себя)
to require [ri΄kwaiə]- требовать чего-либо, нуждаться в
liver [΄livə] – печень
intestine [in΄testin] - кишечник, кишка
small intestine - тонкий кишечник
large intestine - толстый кишечник
to bite [bait] (bit, bitten) – кусать
to chew [t∫u:] – жевать
moist [΄mɔist] – влажный, сырой
to moisten [mɔisn] – увлажнять(ся); смачивать
stick [stik] - липунуть, приклеивать(ся)
to bind [baind] (bound,bound) – связывать, привязывать, густеть, затвердевать
saliva [sə΄laivə] - слюна
starch [sta:t∫] - крахмал
tongue [tΛŋ] - язык
to contract [ kən'trækt] – сокращать(ся), сжимать(ся)
to join [dʒɔin] – 1. вступать (в общество); 2. связывать, соединять; 3. присоединять(ся)
to extend [iks΄tend] – простираться, тянуться, расширять(ся)
Form Gerund and translate the words into Russian as nouns:
to bind, to bite, to chew, to circulate, to transport, to receive, to nourish, to enter, to eliminate, to empty, to perform, to follow, to break down, to moisten, to supply
Form adjectives using the following suffixes and give their Russian equivalents:
-y: sponge, bone, moist, skin, starch, heart, stick, blood, fat
-ive: distinct, invasion, connect, contract, digest, extend
-al: intestine, abdomen, skeleton, bronchus, trachea, esophagus
Form nouns using the suffix - ion and translate them into Russian:
distinct, digest, circulate, provide, include, invade, divide, eliminate, permit, extend, direct, inhale, exhale, connect, contract, create
Read and translate one-rooted words:
to contract, contraction, contractive, contracture
moist, to moisten, moisture
to digest, digestion, digestive, digestible, indigestion
to extend extended, extensible, extension, extensive, extensively
Find the words with the same suffixes and belonging to the same part of speech:
chewing, movable, nourishment, contraction, various, spongy, salivary, splenic, entrance, container, vital invasive, connection, layer, digestive, sticky, moisture, maintenance, structure, requirement, intestinal, integumentary, following, extensible, organic, serious
Read and translate word-combinations and sentences including new words:
digestive tract, digestive organs, digestive system, digestive juice, digestive drug, food digestion, cellular digestion, digestible food
intestine, small intestine, large intestine, intestinal digestion, intestinal elimination, intestinal flora, intestinal absorption, intestinal waste, intestinal disease
saliva, salivary, salivary gland, salivary duct, salivary digestion, salivation after meal. Salivator is a drug to stimulate the production of saliva.
starch sugar is called glucose, starch poultice ([poultis]-припарка), Starch is a white tasteless substance. Starch forms an important part of foods. You are getting too fat, you should avoid (избегать) sugars and starches.
to join something together, to join the vessels, to join the organs, to join the party(army, society), This bone is joined to the thigh bone.
to break down large organic masses, to break down into smaller particles, to break down the nutrients, to break down chemically (mechanically)
Master the pronunciation of the following words and try to guess the meaning of these international terms:
1.organic [ɔ:΄gænik]
mass [mæs] ]
to coordinate [koˌɔ:dineit]
coordination [koˌɔ:di΄nei∫n]
4. enzyme [΄enzaim]
to secrete [si΄kri:t]
secretion [si΄kri:∫n]
mechanical [mi΄kænikəl]
molecule [΄mɔlikju:l]
to manipulate [mə΄nipjuleit]
peristalsis [ˌperi΄stælsis]
rhythmic [΄riθmik]
sphincter [΄sfiŋktə]
amylase [΄æmileis]
disaccharide maltose [di΄sækəraid ΄mɔ:ltous]
Before reading the text, read the following words and find their meaning below:
pair[ р£э], to propel [pra pel], bolus [ooulas], to specialize[spej^laiz ], series [si dri:z],
valve-like
ряд, серия ; пара ; подобный клапану, клапано-образный; пищевой комок, шарик
(фарм.); продвигать вперед, толкать, двигать; специализировать(ся)
Read the text. Find the English equivalents to the following word-combinations : в точке ; сила тяжести; использовать как топливо; мягкая масса ; выталкивается назад ; продавливается через; толстостенная трубка
Translate the text into Russian.
Human digestive system Part 1
The human digestive system is a complex process that consists of breaking down large organic masses into smaller particles that body can use as fuel [fjudl]. The break down of the nutrients requires the coordination of several enzymes secreted from specializes! cells within the mouth, stomach, intestines, and liver. The major organ or structures that coordinate digestion within the human body include the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine, and liver.
In the human body, the mouth (oral cavity) is a specialized organ for receiving food and breaking down large organic masses. In the mouth food is changed mechanically by biting and chewing. Here food is moistened by saliva, a sticky fluid that binds food particles together into soft mass. Three pairs of salivary glands secrete saliva into the mouth. The saliva contains an enzyme called amylase, which digests starch molecules into smaller molecules of disaccharide maltose.
During chewing, the tongue moves food about and manipulates it into a mass called a bolus. The bolus is pushed back into the pharynx and is forced through the opening to the esophagus.
The esophagus is a thick-walled muscular tube located behind the trachea that extends through the neck and the chest to the stomach. The bolus of food moves through the esophagus by peristalsis: a rhythmic series of muscular contractions that propels the bolus along. The pull of gravity assists the contractions.
The esophagus joins the stomach at the point just below the diaphragm. A valve-like ring of muscle called the sphincter relaxes as the bolus passes through and then quickly closes.
Present Indefinite Tense
(Настоящее неопределенное время)
Образование Present Indefinite Tense
построение утвердительного предложения: форма глагола (сказуемого) в Present Indefinite равна инфинитиву (неопределенной форме глагола) без частицы“to“e.g. They work in a drugstore- Они работают в аптеке
N.B. Если подлежащее стоит в 3-м лице единственного числа(he,she,it или любое слово, которое можно заменить этими местоимениями), то к глаголу необходимо добавить
окончание –s(es)
e.g. She works in a drugstore- Она работает в аптеке.
My sister works in a drugstore- Моя сестра работает в аптеке.
N.B. Обратите внимание на произношение окончания:-s(es)
-s(es)
[s] |
[z] |
[iz] |
после глухих согласных: works [wə:ks] |
после звонких согласных: reads [ri:dz] после гласных: sees [si:z] |
после свистящих и шипящих (ss, ch, sh, x) passes[΄pa:siz} teaches[΄ti:t∫iz] washes[΄wɔ:∫iz]
|
Прочтите следующие глаголы, обращая внимание на произношение окончания:
circulates, transports, assists, consists, eliminates, permits, creates, connects, pumps, takes, breaks, bites, sticks, contracts, converts, protects, supplements, accounts, supports
carries, provides, leads, flows, receives, drains, records, maintains, surrounds, enters, removes,
moves, performs, delivers, inhales, exhales, divides, contains, follows,
pulls, requires, chews, moistens, binds, joins, expands, cherns, stores,
prepares, lines, occurs, serves, allows, rubs
averages, passes, exchanges, nourishes, empties, closes, breathes, releases, increases, accomplishes, composes, reduces, attaches
2. построение отрицательного предложения: в Present Indefinite Tense:
Для образования отрицательного предложения используются 2вспомогательных глагола:do и does
а) если подлежащее I, you,we,they (или любое слово, которое можно заменить этим местоимением), то используется вспомогательный глагол do
б) если подлежащее he,she,it ( или любое слово, которое можно заменить этим местоимением), то используется вспомогательный глагол does
в) отрицательная частица not ставится между do(does) и смысловым глаголом
e.g. I do not work in a drugstore-Я не работаю в аптеке.
She does not work in a drugstore- Она не работает в аптеке.
3. построение вопросительного предложения в Present Indefinite Tense:
Для образования вопросительного предложения используется те же 2 вспомогательных глагола:do и does причем они ставится перед подлежащим (общий вопрос)
e.g. -Do you work in a drugstore?
Ты работаешь в аптеке.
-Yes, I do.
e.g. –Does your sister work in a drugstore?
Твоя сестра работает в аптеке.
-No, she does not.
N.B. Альтернативный вопрос и специальные вопросы (за исключением ) специального
вопроса к подлежащему или определению подлежащего) задаются на основе общего вопроса.
e.g. –Do you work in a drugstore or in a pharmaceutical company?
-Ты работаешь в аптеке или в фармацевтической компании?
e.g. –Where do you work?
-Где ты работаешь?
Поставьте глагол в нужной форме:
The lymphatic system (to assist) in the fight against foreign bodies.
Blood vessels (to transport) blood throughout the body.
The break down of the nutrients (to require) the coordination of several enzymes.
Layers of stomach muscle (to churn) the bolus of food with gastric juices.
Oxygen (to enter) the respiratory system through the mouth and the nose.
Veins (to carry) blood from the capillaries back toward the heart.
The lymphatic system (to maintain) fluids in the body tissue.
The saliva (to contain) an enzyme called amylase.
Fingerlike projections (to increase) the surface area of the small intenstine.
Capillaries (to provide) the actual exchange of water and chemicals between the blood and the tissues.
Most absorption in the small intestine (to occur) in the jejunum.
The bronchial tubes (to lead) directly into the lungs where they (to divide)into many smaller tubes.
Three pairs of salivary glands (to secrete) saliva into the mouth.
Venule (to drain) blood from the capillaries.
The bolus of food (to move) through the esophagus by peristalsis.
Enzymes (to supplement) intestinal enzymes from the pancreas.
The carbon dioxide (to follow) the same path out of the lungs when a man (to exhale)
Diffusion (to account for) the movement of many nutrients