Сложное дополнение и сложное подлежащее (Complex Object and Complex Subject)

Object + Infinitive after the verbs:	Subject + Infinitive after the verbs:
1) expect, believe, think, understand, consider, suppose, know, assume
We know him to be a good poet.	He is known to become a good poet.
2) see, feel, hear, watch, listen, notice, smell, seem, appear, prove, happen, turn out
We heard him be /...ing a good poet.	He proved to become a good poet.

1. Сложное дополнение и сложное подлежащее – специфически английские обороты, на русский язык переводятся, соответственно, придаточным дополнительным (Мы знаем, что он...) и безличным (Известно/оказывается/по-видимому, (что) он...) предложениями. После глаголов чувственного восприятия возможно употребление герундия (в таких случаях инфинитив употребляется без частицы to: помимо этого to может опускаться после двух глаголов-исключений: help и dare – She helped (to) introduce the guests). Сложное дополнение может также использоваться в предложной конструкции: It is important for him to study poetry.

Grammar exercises

Exercise 1. Put the particle to before the Infinitive where necessary.

1. I think you ought ... apologize. 2. Make him ... speak louder. 3. Help me ... carry this bag. 4. My son asked me ... let him ... go to the theatre. 5. I must ... go to the country. 6. It cannot... be done to-day. 7. She asked me ... read the letter carefully and ... write an answer. 8. The man told me not ... walk on the grass. 9. Let me ... help you with your work. 10. She ought ... take care of her health. 11. We had better ... slop to rest a little. 12. I don’t know what ...do. 13. He was seen ... leave the house. 14. We have come ... ask whether there is anything we can ... do. 15. We heard the siren ... sound and saw the ship... move. 16. I cannot ... go there now, I have some work ... do. 17. During the crossing the passengers felt the ship... toss. 18. You must make him ... practice an hour a day. 19. He is not sure that it can ... be done, but he is willing ... try. 20. I looked for the book everywhere but could not ...find it. 21. He said that she might ... come in the evening. 22. She was made ... repeat the song. 23. Would you rather ... learn shorthand than typewriting?

Exercise 2. Write various forms of the Infinitive.

А) Indefinite Passive (to translate – to be translated).

to receive, to defend, to defeat, to tell, to write, to read, to do.

В) Continuous Active (to translate – to be translating).

to develop, to make, to discuss, to look, to give, to take, to examine, to watch, to enter.

С) Perfect Passive (to translate – to have been translated).

to send, to finish, to teach, to arrest, to offer, to attack, to make, to do.

D) Perfect Continuous (to translate – to have been translating).

to live, to work, to tell, to teach, to discuss, to look through.

Exercise 3. Translate the sentences with the Infinitive. What is the function of each Infinitive in the sentence?

1. To use language is a human activity. 2. To do something, and to know just what you are doing, are not the same things. 3. To answer these questions requires a general theory of human life. 4. To think at all it is necessary to abstract. 5. In order to explain this we have to study the facts of the case. 6. So as to understand development we must understand the distinction between quantitative change and qualitative change. 7. To discover the truth, we must start from personal experience. 8. The use of language owes its origin to social production, since to carry on social production people must speak to one another. 9. In order to understand things so as to change them we must study them. 10. To know everything is to know nothing. 11. To think dialectically is to think concretely. 12. It is often difficult to avoid a metaphysical way of thinking. 13. The purpose of this book is to provide a clear understanding of his theory. 14. Many scholars agree nowadays that metaphysics is something to be avoided. 15. The only evidence to be accepted is that to be tested by experience. 16. That is the true conclusion to be made. 17. Research to be carried out now is of great importance. 18. The problem to be solved is under discussion now. 19. The position to be taken by this scientist is rather strange. 20. The discovery to be made will be of certain value. 21. Psychologists begin to view a man as an active creature. 22. To predict a person's behaviour one must take into consideration sociological factors as well. 23. The aim of this lecture is to determine the ties of sociology with other disciplines. 24. We have some right to suppose that in this case we are dealing with a specific aspect of transformation of cognitive abilities. 25. The sociologists try to find stable principles of man's behaviour. 26. To understand this method one must know something about its specific principles. 27. He proceeded to carry out careful experiments. 28. To have a good memory is a great advantage. 29. He continued to be influenced by his past experiences. 30. To know what a person thinks about himself is of great importance. 31. The function of scientific theories is to explain empirical laws and to predict new ones. 32. The aim of the research was to study the relationships of the responses of the subjects. 33. The work has not progressed far enough to give a complete survey of the poll. 34. It should be noted that his first research was on a more scientific basis. 35. For science to move forward there must be a constant interchange between observation and theory.

Exercise 4. Translate the following sentences into English paying attention to the Infinitive.

1. Сделать это – значит помочь ему.

2. Чтобы сделать эту работу вовремя, он должен начать ее сейчас.

3. Эта проблема слишком сложная, чтобы решить ее сразу же.

4. Нам пришлось пересмотреть эту программу.

5. Наша цель заключается в том, чтобы удовлетворить эти требования.

6. Мы должны понимать друг друга.

7. Для начала давайте рассмотрим их предложение.

8. Для того чтобы понять рассматриваемую проблему, вы должны прочитать эту статью.

Exercise 5. Find the Infinitive in the sentences, define its form and function.

1. To drive a car was not difficult for her.

2. I don’t like to be interrupted.

3. It’s too late now to go to the park.

4. He appears to be satisfied with the results of his work.

5. They are certain to be here on Monday.

6. He worked hard not to lag behind the other students.

7. Give me something to eat.

8. He is said to have written a new play.

9. She seems to have been told about it.

10. They seem to have been writing their composition for an hour already.

Exercise 6. Choose the right form of the Infinitive.

1. The article is difficult (перевести).

a) to have translated

b) to be translating

c) to translate

2. They proved unable (решить) the dispute.

a) to settle

b) to have been settled

c) to be settled

3. You do not seem (иметь) a good knowledge of Russian History.

a) to have had

b) to be having

c) to have

4. Let the children (собраться) in the hall.

a) to have been gathered

b) gather

c) to be gathering

5. They are known (награждать) with medals recently.

a) to have been decorated

b) to be decorated

c) to decorate

6. The children are glad (обучать) music.

a) to be taught

b) have taught

c) to be teaching

7. He waited for the paper (опубликовать).

a) to publish

b) published

c) to be published

Exercise 7. Construct sentences according to the model.

1. It is difficult to get this book. (pleasant – to work with him; easy – to explain the fact)

2. The problem is how to do it. (where – to stay; what materials – to use)

3. The text is easy to translate. (problem – to solve; matter – to discuss)

4. He is known to work at this problem. (to be the father of Russian science; to live in France).

5. He appeared to be ill. (to be away; to be a true friend)

6. He was the last to come. (to leave; to mention it)

7. I would like you to do it. (to make a report; to start now)

8. Here is the letter to be typed. (the document – to sign; the article – to translate)

Exercise 8. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the infininive clauses.

1. We hate to be betrayed. 2. All we ask is to be let alone (T. Jefferson). 3. If you want to be seen stand up, if you want to be heard speak up, if you want to be appreciated shut up. 4. I have heard about you. But you have to be seen to be believed. 5. He made up his mind never to be fooled by women again. 6. Now we can claim to have defined the task. 7. Laws were made to be broken (Ch. North). 8. To have tested all possible combinations required prohibitive effort. 9. He asked to be remembered to you.

Exercise 9. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the infininive clauses.

1. A classic is something that everybody wants to have read and nobody wants to read (M. Twain). 2. It is better to have loved and lost than never to have loved at all (A. Tennyson). 3. The reward of a thing well done is to have done it (R. Emerson). 4. Justice must not only be done, it must be seen to be done. 5. To have been invited in this way gives me great pleasure.

Exercise 10. Translate the following into English using infinitives as adverbial modifiers to an adjective.

1. Я был слишком возбужден, чтобы есть.

2. Мой сын был достаточно взрослым, чтобы заметить мое настроение.

3. Будь добр, закрой дверь.

4. Я сказал, что я слишком занят, чтобы разговаривать, и положил трубку.

5. Он был слишком ленив, чтобы относиться к своей профессии серьезно.

6. Всегда легко найти основание для того, чтобы ничего не делать.

7. Он так устал, что был не в состоянии раздеться.

8. Я был слишком робок, чтобы заговорить с девушкой или даже рассмотреть ее как следует.

9. Я уверен, что ты слишком молод, чтобы помнить.

10. В то время он недостаточно хорошо себя чувствовал, чтобы путе-шествовать.

11. Свет был недостаточно сильным, чтобы я мог видеть выражение его лица.

12. Майкл был слишком раздражен, чтобы ответить сразу же.

13. Было слишком темно, чтобы он мог видеть мое лицо.

TEXT 2

Task 1. Discuss what the advantages/disadvantages are of:

a ) Вeing an only child.

b) Нaving brothers and sisters.

c) Вeing a twin.

Task 2. Read the following article and decide what you think is the most appropriate title.

1) Twins reunited after a lifetime apart.

2) Twin sisters trapped in a single mind.

3) Bringing up twins – the parents’ story.