Grammar section Придаточные условные предложения III типа Нереальное условие в прошедшем времени (Impossible Condition)
1. Придаточные условные предложения III типа выражают нереальное условие совершенного действия в прошедшем времени. В придаточном предложении употребляется время Past Perfect, а в главном – сочетание глаголов should и would или could и might с перфектным инфинитивом.
Ex.: If he had been here yesterday, he could have seen the robbery.
Таким образом, в придаточных предложениях II и III типа времена сдвигаются на ступеньку в прошлое (сравните косвенную речь), а в главном предложении появляется would / should + bare infinitive, т.е. conditional, который также аналогичен future- in- the- past (сравните In 1830 the poet went to Spain where he would stay for the rest of his life) и имеет место в вежливых просьбах типа: Would you prefer tea or coffee? I'd like some tea. На русский язык conditional переводится сослагательным наклонением с частицей бы. Помимо if, условные предложения могут вводиться посредством provided (that), so long as (= if and only if); in case, in the event that /of (= possibly); unless (= if not). Инверсия широко распространена в формальной письменной речи.
Subjunctive sentences: SUBJECT + VERB + THAT + SUBJECT + INF. without to
Ex.: John's mother insisted that he return home early.
2. Subjunctive обозначает особую группу глагольных временных форм (типа pres. – he; past – were for all persons – для глагола to he или infinitive without to – для других глаголов), используемых для описания событий, которые вряд ли когда-либо будут иметь место, но которые являются предметом наших надежд, мечтаний, желаний.
Придаточные условные смешанного типа
Придаточные условные смешанного типа бывают двух видов:
1) условие относится к прошедшему, а следствие – к настоящему или будущему времени:
Ex.: If you had not followed the instructions of the hijackers we would be dead now.
2) условие относится к определенному времени, а следствие – к прошедшему:
Ex.: If I lived in the country such an accident would never have happened to me.
Инверсия в придаточных условных предложениях
Во всех трех типах условных предложений союзы if, provided могут быть опущены; при этом в придаточном предложении условия вспомогательный или модальный глагол выносится перед подлежащим.
Предложения условия I типа:
Ex.: Should I know the truth, I will testify in court.
Предложения условия II типа:
Ex.: Were Jack here now, the jury would not deliberate so long.
Предложения условия III типа:
Ex.: Had you read this article you could have told us about the serial murderer.
Exercise 1. Поставьте глаголы в скобках в правильную форму:
If you’d told me earlier, I (to go) too.
If the weather (to be) better, we would have stayed longer.
If I hadn’t stopped for petrol, I (to arrive) before he left.
We (to be) late if we hadn’t taken a taxi.
She wouldn’t have come if she (to know) he was here.
It would have been cheaper if we (to book) last month.
Exercise 2. Guess the conditional. Work in pairs. Student A.
a) Look at sentences 1–5 and think of the missing verb. Remember [+] is positive verb, [-] is negative verb.
If it had been cheaper, I … it. [+]
If I … that it was your birthday, I would have made a cake. [+]
I … so angry if you had told me the truth. [-]
I would have written to you if I … your email address. [-]
If you … to me, you wouldn’t have married him. [+]
b) Read your sentence 1 to B. If it’s not the same, try again until В tells you ‘That's right’. Then write it in. Continue with 2–5.
с) Listen to В say sentence 6. If it's the same as 6 below, say That's right'. If not, say ‘Try again' until В gets it right. Continue with 7–10.
If I had listened to that CD first, I wouldn't have bought it.
I would have paid for her if I hadn't paid last time!
If you had put the milk in the fridge, it wouldn't have gone bad.
9. I would have gone with you last night if I hadn't seen the film before.
10. If I’d recognized him, I would have said hello.
Exercise 3. Guess the conditional. Student В
a) Look at sentences 6–10 and think of the missing verb. Remember [+] is positive verb, [-] is negative verb.
6. If I had listened to that CD first, I … it. [+]
I would have paid for her if I … last time! [-]
If you … the milk in the fridge, it wouldn't have gone bad. [+]
9. I would have gone with you last night if I … the film before. [-]
10. If I’d recognized him, I … hello. [+]
b) Listen to A say sentence 1. If it's the same as 1 below, say ‘That's right.’ If not, say 'Try again' until A gets it right. Continue with 2–5.
If it had been cheaper, I would have bought it.
If I had known that it was your birthday, I would have made a cake.
I wouldn't have been so angry if you had told me the truth.
I would have written to you if I hadn't lost your email address.
If you had listened to me, you wouldn't have married him.
с) Read your sentence 6 to A. If it's not the same, try again until A tells you 'That's right.' Then write it in. Continue with 7-10.
Exercise 4. Match the phrases.
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A. if you'd seen what happened. В. we wouldn't have got lost. С. if it hadn't rained. D. you would have seen them. E. if I'd known you didn't like it. F. if we'd bought tickets on the Internet. G. if you'd been more careful. H. they would have been killed. I. I would have forgotten. J. I wouldn't have recognized him. К. if we hadn't missed the bus.
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Exercise 5. Translate the following CONDITIONAL SENTENCES.
1. The problem would be very simple if that solution were possible. 2. If we had analyzed the results of the experiment in time we should have taken another course in our studies. 3. Provided we had at least two experimental groups we should start the investigation at once. 4. If the subjects were given all the necessary instructions they would respond in a right way. 5. If he had chosen a definite aim he would have succeeded in research. 6. Unless the poll were carried out on a national level the data would not be true. 7. If he had been more careful he would have received more concrete results. 8. If I were you I should never accept his offer. 9. I could have agreed with you if you had been right. 10. But for the circumstances they would not have taken such a decision. 11. They would be only glad if you participated in the work at this project. 12. In case of his success he would be invited to take that office. 13. If he had more time at his disposal he would do this job with pleasure. 14. If the ecological problems had been solved in due time we should not have spoken too much of the pollution. 15. If his story had been told about beforehand some urgent measures would have been taken. 16. It you came in time I should be much obliged to you.
Exercise 6. Translate the following CONDITIONAL SENTENCES.
1. If your ideas did not contradict the facts, the result would be correct. 2. If these interests were protected the independence of every individual and every nation would be guaranteed. 3. If the inflation were on the same scale the economic situation would be a bit stabilized. 4. If the workers won in their fight against employers, the strike might be supported by other trade-unions. 5. It they succeeded in their joint venture affairs, they would overcome the crisis situation. 6. If he spoke in favour of market economy, they would get majority at the elections. 7. If his business were under progress, they would not become debtors. 8. Provided they received a necessary credit, their matters would be regulated. 9. If this conference had been successful, the Prime Minister would have pursued the other policy. 10. If they had applied modern technology in due time, their industry would have progressed. 11. If the circumstances had been different, the other forms of policy would have been developed. 12. They would have arrived at the knowledge of the idea, had they examined all the data about it. 13. Were their theory consistent, nobody would doubt its value. 14. Had the author concentrated upon a single aspect of his subject, his study would have been proved easier to read. 15. Were I you, I should never accept their proposal. 16. Had it been so urgent, they would have taken all the opportunities to react accordingly. 17. If he had been to the Stock Exchange on that particular day, he would not have missed his chance to earn money. 18. If he had bought the enterprise shares at that time, he would not have been ruined. 19. Had you known about it before, he would have taken appropriate measures. 20. Were you one hundred percent right, I should agree with you without hesitation. 21. Provided they were wrong, nobody would support their ideas.
Exercise 7. Read, analyse and translate.
1. She speaks as if she were an expert in this particular field of psychology. 2. They look as if they were working at this problem all night long. 3. His survey was so accurate and detailed as if he had been investigating this subject all his life. 4. They are discussing this matter as if they were engaged in this project for a long time. 5. The effect of this enterprise was so successful as if it had been calculated up to the slightest details. 6. His business turned out to be a success as if he had had a great experience in such affairs before. 7. She knows a lot of tricks in economic policy as if she were a graduate of the Economics Academy. 8. Their life goes on rather well as if they were progressing in their own business. 9. She loves her work so much as though she were an inborn specialist in fiscal policy. 10. He speaks English so fluently as though he had lived in England since his childhood. 11. He spoke in favour of bankers as though he had always defended their interests. 12. He was reasonable in his offer as though he had been taught to communicate effectively. 13. The situation at the labour market is so drastic as though nothing could be done to relieve it. 14. He was so pleased with his mission as though he had fulfilled the conditions of their trade treaty. 15. He hesitated a little before taking a decision as though he did not know what I was speaking about. 16. His arguments seem rather surprising as though he were not sure in the outcome of their joint venture. 17. I want to conclude an agreement just now lest I should lose direct contacts. 18. They hurried with taking urgent measures lest they should miss this chance. 19. He decided to insert all the agreed appointments into his diary lest he should forget about the necessary meetings and invitations. 20. He decided to check up once more all the aspects of this important order lest it should happen to be a failure. 21. They left the town in a hurry lest they should be caught by police for this dishonest deal. 22. He tried to avoid his former friends lest he should be involved in the drug business.
Exercise 8. Read and translate the following sentences.
1. It should have been noted that the emotional reactions had varied in intensity and duration. 2. One may have guessed that his experiment was not close to the task. 3. Practically any non-language task could be adapted to the scientific study of motor learning, provided the performance of the subject could be accurately measured and recorded. 4. None of these problems could have been investigated unless the investigators had had at their disposal adequate apparatus. 5. If there were improved performance, then clearly learning would be taking place. 6. Had we analyzed this phenomenon ahead of time, the misfortune would have been prevented. 7. The Congress recommended that the research in this field should be expanded. 8. It is necessary that the instrumental responses be received in the process of experimentation. 9. The problem would be very simple if that solution were possible. 10. I am sure that the problem would have been solved, if not only psychologists but sociologists as well investigated it. 11. One should suggest his conclusion be a subject prolonged debates. 12. Were his presence necessary, he would be called immediately. 13. The scholar proposed his hypothesis should be treated with care. 14. Nobody demands that this survey should be carried out on the national level. 15. The conditions would have been changed if the experimenter had insisted on it. 16. Should you ask me, I would never refuse. 17. The situation required the couple should consult a highly qualified family therapist. 18. But for his behaviour under the given circumstances the issue would not have arisen. 19. Had you wished you would have participated in the round-table discussion.
Exercise 9. Choose the correct variant:
1. I want to buy a Porsche, but I don't have enough money.
a) If I have enough money, I buy a Porsche.
b) If I have enough money, I will buy a Porsche.
c) If I had enough money, I would buy a Porsche.
d) If I had had enough money, I would have bought a Porsche.
2. He stepped on the mine, and it exploded.
a) If he doesn't step on the mine, it doesn't explode.
b) If he doesn't step on the mine, it won't explode.
c) If he didn't step on the mine, it wouldn't explode.
d) If he hadn't stepped on the mine, it wouldn't have exploded.
3. It may rain this afternoon. I hope it doesn't because I don't want the match to be cancelled.
a) If it rains, the match is cancelled.
b) If it rains, the match will be cancelled.
c) If it rained, the match would be cancelled.
d) If it had rained, the match would have been cancelled.
4. Unfortunately, I don't know Philosophy, so I can't answer your question.
a) If I know Philosophy, I can answer your question.
b) If I know Philosophy, I will be able to answer your question
c) If I knew Philosophy, I would be able to answer your question.
d) If I had known Philosophy, I would have been able to answer your question.
5. You ignored my advice, so you got into trouble!
a) If you don't ignore my advice, you don't get into trouble.
b) If you don't ignore my advice, you won't get into trouble.
c) If you didn't ignore my advice, you wouldn't get into trouble.
d) If you hadn't ignored my advice, you wouldn't have got into trouble.
TEXT 2
Task 1. Read the article “Bad luck?” In pairs, decide what you think happened next.
Bad luck?
I missed you!
Ian Johnson, a 27-year-old builder, went to work in Australia for a year, leaving behind his girlfriend, Amy. Ian and Amy missed each other a lot and after being six months apart Ian planned a surprise. Without telling Amy he caught a plane back to England to see her. After a 24-hour flight via Singapore and a 17 600-kilometre journey he finally arrived at her house in Yorkshire in the north of England, carrying flowers, champagne, and an engagement ring. He rang the doorbell, but nobody answered. He had a key to her house so he opened the door and went in. The house was empty. Ian thought Amy had gone out for the evening and sat down to wait for her to come back. Tired after his long journey, he fell asleep. When he woke up, his phone was ringing... .
Ex. 1. Now read the story up to the end. Were you right?
Part II
Narrator Ian thought Amy had gone out for the evening and sat down to wait for her to come back. Tired after his long journey, he fell asleep. When he woke up, the phone was ringing. Ian answered the phone. It was Amy.
Ian I said, 'Where are you?' She said, 'Ian, I'm sitting in your flat in Australia.' At first I didn't believe her but then she gave the phone to Eddie, who lives in my flat in Sydney, and he told me it was true. I was so shocked I couldn't speak.
Narrator Amy had had the same idea as Ian. She had flown from London to Sydney via Singapore at exactly the same time Ian was flying in the opposite direction. Incredibly, both their planes stopped in Singapore at the same time. Ian and Amy were sitting in the same airport lounge but they didn't see each other.
Amy I had saved all my money to buy a ticket to Sydney. I wanted it to be a fantastic surprise for Ian. I couldn't wait to see his face when I arrived. You can't imagine how I felt when I arrived at his flat and his friend Eddie told me he had gone to England! I just couldn't believe it! When I spoke to Ian on the phone, he told me that he had flown back to England for a special reason and then he asked me to marry him. I didn't know whether to laugh or cry but I said 'yes'.
Ian It was just bad luck. If one of us had stayed at home, we would have met. It's as simple as that.
Good luck?