- •Протокол № 7 від 22 березня 2002 року. В. П. Макарь, о. Ж. Синєбрюхова, 2002
- •Передмова ………………………………………………………………………………………… 5
- •Передмова
- •Conjugation of the verb to be
- •1. Form
- •1. Complete the conversations using the words in the box.
- •6. Put the words in the right order and make sentences.
- •7. Complete the conversation. Use was and were.
- •8. Complete the sentences with am, is, are, was, or were.
- •9. Complete the sentences with the verb to be in the proper tense-form.
- •10. Translate into English, using the proper tense-form of the verb to be.
- •Present continuous
- •1. Form
- •1. Put the verb in brackets into the present continuous tense.
- •2. Write sentences that are true for you.
- •3. Put the words in the correct order to make questions in the Present Continuous.
- •4. Match a line in a with a line in b.
- •5. Correcting the mistakes. Each sentence has a mistake. Find it and correct it!
- •6. Complete these sentences using one of these verbs:
- •7. Translate into English.
- •Going to (I am going to do)
- •1. Form
- •1. Complete the sentences using going to and a verb or expression from the box.
- •2. Make questions for these sentences.
- •3. Answer the following questions with an infinitive of purpose and words from the box.
- •4. Going on holiday.
- •5. Match a country or a city with an activity. Check the meaning of new words with your teacher.
- •6. Use the following words to make full sentences about the future. Use going to.
- •7. Choose verbs from the box to complete the sentences. Put the verbs into the correct form. Use going to
- •8. Match the sentences on the left with the ones on the right.
- •9. Translate into English.
- •Present simple
- •1. Form
- •1. Complete the sentences. Use the present simple of the verbs in brackets.
- •2. Complete the questions in the present simple.
- •3. Make the following sentences negative. Then give the right information.
- •4. Put the words in the correct order to make sentences.
- •5. Write sentences to ask about the missing information.
- •6. Answer the questions about you. Use an adverb of frequency in your answer.
- •7. Correct the sentences.
- •7. Translate into English, using the verbs in the Present Indefinite Tense.
- •Present continuous and present simple
- •1. Choose the correct form.
- •2. Put one of the following auxiliaries into each gap.
- •3. Put the verbs in the correct form, Present Simple or Present Continuous.
- •4. Complete the pairs of sentences with the verb. Use the Present Simple for one and the Present Continuous for the other.
- •5. In the following sentences, one verb form is right and one is wrong. Choose the correct form.
- •6. Each sentence has a mistake. Find it and correct it.
- •7. Translate sentences into English, using Present Continuous or Present Indefinite.
- •Past simple
- •1. Form
- •1. Complete the text about James Dean. Use the past simple.
- •2. Complete the conversation. Use these verbs: win, meet, go, cost, stay, watch, buy, do, play.
- •3. Correct these statements, as in the example. Use the words in the box.
- •4. Put the words in the correct order to make questions. Then write true answers.
- •5. Make the positive verbs negative. Make the negative verbs positive.
- •6. Ask all possible questions about these sentences:
- •7. Write questions to ask about the missing information.
- •8. Translate into English.
- •Past continuous
- •1. Form
- •1. Here is a list of some things that Ann did yesterday (and the times at which she did them):
- •6. Use the words in brackets to ask the questions:
- •7. Choose the correct verb form in the following sentences.
- •8. Translate into English:
- •Present perfect simple
- •1. Form
- •1. Complete the sentences using the present perfect simple of the verbs in brackets.
- •2. Complete the sentences with gone or been
- •3. Put the words in brackets in the correct place in the sentences. Sometimes two answers are possible.
- •4. Complete the sentences using for or since
- •5. Put the correct form of the verb into these sentences.
- •6. Use the words below to make questions with ever and answer them.
- •7. Choose one of the adverbs in brackets and put it in the correct place in the sentence. Only one adverb in each pair is correct.
- •8. Make sentences about the following people.
- •9. Translate into English.
- •Present perfect and past simple
- •1. Complete the conversations using the present perfect or the past simple of the verb in brackets.
- •2. Put a word from the box into each gap.
- •3. In the following pairs of sentences, one verb form is right and one is wrong.
- •4. Read about Marco and choose the correct verb form.
- •5. In each of the following sentences there is one mistake. Find it and correct it.
- •6. Translate into English.
- •Future simple
- •1. Form
- •2. Complete the sentences using I’ll or I shan’t and the verbs in the box.
- •4. Decide which form of the verb is correct (or more natural) in these sentences.
- •5. In the following pairs of sentences, one verb form is right and one is wrong.
- •6. Make the following sentences negative. Change the ending to keep the meaning the same.
- •7. Translate into English.
- •When and if sentences
- •1. Put one verb in each sentence into the present simple and the other verb into the will / won’t form.
- •2. Your friend is going on holiday. Ask questions about it.
- •3. Put if or when into each gap.
- •4. Combine the following pairs of sentences using the words in brackets.
- •5. Match a line in a with a line in b.
- •6. In each of the following sentences there is one mistake. Find it and correct it.
- •7. Translate into English.
- •Past perfect simple
- •1. Form
- •1. Peter arrived late at different places yesterday. What had happened when he arrived at each place?
- •2. Complete these sentences using the verbs in brackets. You went back to your home town after many years and you found many things were different.
- •3. Complete these sentences as in the example. Use the verb in brackets.
- •4. Put the verbs into the correct form, past perfect or past simple.
- •5. Join the following pairs of sentences, using the conjunction in brackets. Change one verb form into the Past Perfect.
- •6. Choose the correct form.
- •7. In each of the following sentences there are two verbs in brackets. Put one in the Past Simple and one in the Past Perfect.
- •8. Translate into English.
- •Present perfect continuous
- •1. Form
- •1. Complete the sentences. Use the present perfect continuous.
- •2. Match a line in a with a line in b.
- •3. Now you have to say how long something has been happening.
- •4. You have to ask questions with how long.
- •5. Make up questions to which the underlined words are the answers.
- •6. Complete the following sentences adding to them adverbial modifiers beginning with for or since as in the example.
- •7. Respond to the following questions.
- •8. Translate into English.
- •Present perfect continuous and present perfect simple
- •1. Compare:
- •1. Choose the correct form.
- •2. In this exercise you have to read the situation and then write two sentences, one with the present perfect simple and one with the present perfect continuous.
- •3. In this exercise you have to put the verb into the correct form, present perfect simple or present perfect continuous.
- •4. Are these sentences right or wrong? Correct the ones which are wrong.
- •5. This time you have to write questions with how long?
- •6. In this exercise you have to read a sentence and then write another sentence with since or for.
- •7. Choose the correct verb form.
- •8. Put the verb in brackets in the correct tense, Present Perfect Simple or Present Perfect Continuous.
- •9. Make questions using the prompts.
- •10. Translate into English.
- •Past perfect continuous
- •1. Form
- •1. Complete the sentences using the past perfect continuous of the verbs in brackets.
- •2. Join each idea in a with an idea from b. Make sentences using the past perfect continuous of the verbs in brackets.
- •3. In this exercise you have to read a situation and then write a sentence.
- •4. In this exercise you have to read a situation and then write a sentence.
- •5. Put the verb into the correct form, past perfect continuous or past continuous.
- •6. Complete the following sentences.
- •7. Translate into English.
- •Future continuous
- •1. Form
- •1. Lynne Carter is going from London to Manchester on Business tomorrow. Look at Lynne’s plans.
- •3. This time you have to ask questions with Will you be … ing?
- •4. Turn the following statements into questions:
- •5. Use Future Continuous in the following questions:
- •6. Restate the following statements using Future Continuous.
- •7. Complete the following sentences using Future Continuous.
- •8. Use the verbs in brackets in Future Indefinite or Future Continuous.
- •9. Translate into English.
- •Future perfect
- •1. Form
- •2. In this exercise you have to use will have done.
- •3. Ann’s very ambitious. These are the things she believes she will be doing or will have done by the time she is forty. Put each resolution into either the Future Continuous or Future Perfect.
- •5. Complete the sentence, using the verbs in brackets in an appropriate future form: Future Indefinite, Future Continuous, Future Perfect.
- •6. Translate into English.
- •Review of tenses
- •1. Complete the sentences using a suitable present or past form of the verbs in brackets.
- •2. Choose the correct form.
- •3. In the following sentences, there are some mistake in tense usage. Find them and correct them.
- •4. Chose the correct form.
- •5. Use these words to make the sentences in a story. Put the verbs into a suitable present or past form.
- •6. Choose the correct or most suitable answer – a or b
- •7. There are mistakes in some of these sentences. Find the mistakes and correct them.
- •8. Translate into English.
- •To be able to
- •May, might
- •Requests can, could, may
- •Have to
- •In my country
- •Review of modal verbs
- •The passive voice
- •Indefinite
- •I. Translate into English using the verbs in Past Indefinite Active or Past Indefinite Passive.
- •II. Translate into English using the verbs in Present, Past or Future Indefinite Passive.
- •III. Open the brackets using the verbs in Present, Past or Future Indefinite Passive.
- •IV. Translate into English using the verbs in Present Indefinite Active or Present Indefinite Passive.
- •V. Translate into English using the verbs in Past Indefinite Active or Past Indefinite Passive.
- •VI. Translate into English using the verbs in Future Indefinite Active or Future Indefinite Passive.
- •Compare:
- •Remember this short joky story:
- •Remember these sentences:
- •VII. Change the following sentences into the Passive Voice paying attention to the place of the preposition.
- •VIII. Translate into English using verbs in Present, Past or Future Indefinite Passive.
- •IX. Change the following sentences into the Passive Voice.
- •Remember:
- •X. Change the following sentences into the Passive Voice.
- •XI. Translate into English using the Passive Infinitive after modal verbs.
- •XII. Open the brackets using the verbs in the Passive Voice.
- •XIII. Open the brackets using the verbs in the Active or Passive Voice.
- •XIV. Underline the correct verb form, active or passive, in the following sentences.
- •XV. Put the verb in brackets in the correct tense-form. They are all in the passive.
- •XVI. Answer the following questions in accordance with the example.
- •XVII. Change the following sentences into the passive voice using the underlined words as the grammatical subject. Use a by-phrase where indicated.
- •XVIII. Change the following sentences into the Passive Voice.
- •XIX. Change the following sentences into the Passive Voice.
- •XX. Change the following sentences into the Active Voice. Use any suitable subjects.
- •XXI. Open the brackets using the verbs in the Passive Voice.
- •XXII. Open the brackets using the verb in the correct voice and tense-form:
- •XXIII. Translate from Ukrainian into English using the Passive Voice:
- •Conditional sentences (II, III)
- •Wish sentences (present)
- •Conditional sentences (III) (Past)
- •Wish sentences (past)
- •Review of Conditionals
- •Sequence of tenses
- •Sequence of Tenses
- •Sequence of Tenses
- •Direct and reported speech
- •Indirect Commands
- •Pay attention to the following constructions in direct and in reported speech
- •The participle
- •Functions of Participle in the Sentence
- •The Participle Constructions
- •The infinitive
- •Functions of the Infinitive in the Sentence
- •The complex object
- •1. Complex Object is used with to
- •2. Complex Object is used without to
- •The complex subject
- •In this exercise you have to read a sentence and then write another sentence with the same meaning.
- •The gerund
- •Functions of the gerund in the sentence
- •The usage of the Gerund and of the Infinitive
- •Verbs that are always followed by the infinitive.
- •Verbs that are always followed by the gerund.
- •2. Irregular plurals
- •Compound nouns
- •Countable and uncountable nouns
- •1. Nouns can be countable or uncountable:
- •Exercise 5
- •Instead of possessive pronouns use the noun in the Possessive Case.
- •Exercise 6
- •Exercise 7
- •Mary: Don’t worry. There’s plenty of (3) ____________________ in the car.
- •Articles: a / an and the Form and pronunciation
- •No article
- •2. Common expressions without an article
- •Place – names with and without the
- •1. Place – names without the
- •2. Place-names with the
- •Possessive case
- •4. Double possessive
- •Much, many, a lot of, (a) little, (a) few
- •2. Much, many, a lot (of)
- •(A) little, (a) few
- •Personal pronouns (Subject pronouns)
- •Subject pronouns (nominative case)
- •Possessive pronouns
- •Insert personal pronouns, in the necessary case.
- •Possessive pronouns (Absolute forms)
- •Personal pronouns (Object pronouns)
- •Review of personal pronouns
- •Demonstrative pronouns
- •Indefinite pronouns
- •The indefinite personal pronoun. One, ones
- •Reflexive pronouns
- •Review of pronouns
- •Interrogative pronouns
- •Quantitative pronouns
- •Degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs
- •I. Form the comparative and superlative of the following adjectives and adverbs.
- •II. Use the comparative or superlative of the words in brackets
- •III. Compare the following
- •IV. Complete these sentences. Each time use the comparative form of one of the following adjectives or adverbs:
- •VI. This exercise is similar but this time you also have to use a bit / a little / much / a lot / far. Use than where necessary.
- •VII. Complete these sentences using these words: better worse further older elder
- •VIII. In this exercise you have to use the structure …and …
- •IX. In this exercise you have to write sentences with the…the… . Choose a half-sentence from box a to go with a half-sentence from box b.
- •X. Rewrite these sentences so that they have the same meaning. Begin as shown.
- •XI. Complete these sentences using just as with one of the following words:
- •XII. In this exercise you have to complete sentences using as…as
- •XIII. You have to make sentences with the same as.
- •XIV. Put as or than into each gap.
- •XV. Complete the sentences with a superlative and preposition.
- •XVI. Read these sentences and then write a new sentence with the same meaning. Use a superlative each time and begin each sentence as shown.
- •XVII. Now here are some questions for you to answer. But first you have to write the questions using the words in brackets. Then answer them.
- •XVIII. Complete the sentences using the superlative form of the adjective.
- •XIX. One sentence has a mistake. Choose the correct sentence. Put V and X.
- •XX. Translate into English.
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- •18028, М. Черкаси, вул.. Смілянська, 120/1
Verbs that are always followed by the gerund.
admit enjoy recall appreciate excuse regret avoid finish report can’t
help forgive resent consider mind resist delay miss resume deny postpone risk suggest practice quit
We enjoyed seeing them again after so many years.
Ми були раді бачити їх знову після багатьох років.
They finished dressing.
Вони закінчили одягатися.
I can’t help asking.
Я не можу не запитати.
Negative sentences are made by adding the negative particle not before the infinitive or gerund.
John decided not to buy the car.
Джон вирішив не купувати машину.
We regretted not going to the party last night.
Ми шкодували, що не пішли на вечірку вчора ввечері.
The following verbs can be followed by either the infinitive or the gerund with no change in meaning.
begin dread love can’t
stand hate prefer continue like start
He started to study after dinner. OR He started studying after dinner.
Він почав вчитися після обіду.
Joan hates to ride her bicycle to school. OR Joan hates riding her bicycle to school.
Джоан ненавидить їздити на велосипеді до школи.
Verb + prepositions followed by the gerund
accuse of insist on to
thank for agree
to keep on think about approve
of persist in think of be
afraid of prevent from worry about be
better off put off depend on burst
out rely on feel like complain
of succeed in give up count
on suspect of go on
The following expressions contain the preposition to. The word to in these expressions must not be confused with the to in the infinitive. These verb + preposition expressions must also be followed by the gerund.
object to loot forward to
confess to
John gave up smoking because of his doctor’s advice.
Джон кинув курити за порадою свого лікаря.
Mary insisted on taking the bus instead of the plane.
Мері наполягала сісти на автобус замість літака.
Fred confessed to stealing the jewels.
Фред зізнався, що вкрав дорогоцінності.
We are looking forward to going back to school.
Ми очікуємо з нетерпінням повернення до школи.
Henry is thinking of going to France in August.
Генрі думає поїхати до Франції в серпні.
Adjectives + prepositions followed by the gerund.
accustomed to fond
of successful in afraid
of intent on tired of capable
of interested in
Mitch is afraid of getting married now.
Міч боїться одружитися зараз.
We are accustomed to sleeping late on weekends.
Ми призвичаїлись спати до пізна по вихідниx.
Jean is not capable of understanding the predicament.
Джин не здібна зрозуміти скруту.
Alvaro is intent on finishing school next year.
Альваро повний рішучості закінчити школу у наступному році.
Craig is fond of dancing.
Крейг захоплюється танцями.
We are interested in seeing this film.
Нам цікаво подивитися цей фільм.
Nouns + prepositions followed by the gerund.
choice of method of reason
for excuse
for (method for) intention
of possibility of
There is a possibility of acquiring this property at a low price.
Існує можливість придбати цю власність за низькою ціною.
There is no reason for leaving so early.
Немає причини від’їжджати так рано.
Nick has developed a method of evaluating this problem.
Нік розробив метод визначення цієї проблеми.
Any time a preposition is followed directly by a verb, the verb will be in the gerund form.
After leaving the party, Ali drove home.
Залишивши вечірку, Алі поїхав додому.
He should have stayed in New York instead of moving to Maine.
Він мабуть залишився у Нью-Йорку замість того, щоб їхати до Мейну.
Adjectives followed by the infinitive.
The following adjectives are always followed by the infinitive form of the verb and never by the gerund.
anxious hard pleased boring eager prepared common easy ready dangerous good usual difficult strange
Mohammad is anxious to see his family.
Мохамед стурбований побачити свою сім’ю.
It is dangerous to drive in this weather.
Небезпечно їхати за кермом у таку погоду.
We are ready to leave now.
Ми готові зараз іти.
It is difficult to pass this test.
Важко здати цей тест.
Keiko was pleased to be admitted to the college.
Кейко був задоволений, бути прийнятим до коледжу.
Some verbs can be followed by either the infinitive or the gerund, but the meaning changes.
stop remember forget
John stopped studying (John is not going to study anymore).
John stopped to study (John stopped doing something in order to study).
Exercise 1
Translate the sentences from English into Ukrainian.
1. Have you finished writing? 2. Taking a cold shower in the morning is very useful. 3. She likes sitting in the sun. 4. The family went on discussing plans for the summer holiday. 5. It looks like it is raining. 6. Thank you for coming. 7. Excuse my interrupting you. 8. I had no hope of getting an answer before the end of the month. 9. I had the pleasure of dancing with her the whole evening. 10. Let’s go boating. 11. Some people can walk all day without feeling tired. 12. Living in little stuffy rooms means breathing poisonous air. 13. Iron is found by digging in the earth. 14. There are two ways of getting sugar: one from beet and the other from sugar-cane.
Exercise 2
Write a gerund in the required form, using the following verbs.
a) Perfect Active (to do – having done) to fail, to make, to consider, to settle, to buy, to come, to discuss, to ask, to win, to tell, to pass.
b) Perfect Passive (to do – having been done) to speak, to give, to discuss, to sign, to tell, to write, to open, to study, to show.
Exercise 3
Make up sentences according to the models.
1. I don’t mind seeing the film again. (to take part in the conference; to stay in the country for another week).
2. I can’t (couldn’t) help smiling. (to tell you about it; to laugh when I see him).
3. The book is (not) worth reading. (the question – to discuss; the proposal – to consider).
4. It’s no use doing it. (to talk to them; to help him).
5. Did you enjoy spending your holiday there? (to watch the match; to visit the museum).
6. I remember talking to him. (to attend the lecture; to invite them to the party).
7. We insisted on (his) going there. (to make the report; to organize a conference).
8. You can learn to speak English by speaking English. (to read French; to swim).
9. How about going to the club? (to have a bite; to visit a museum).
10. Instead of going home he went to the club. (to answer my question – to ask me his question; to do one’s homework – to look through magazines).
Exercise 4
Transform these sentences according to the models.
a) Are they still rehearsing? (to finish)
No, they’ve just finished rehearsing.
1. Are they still discussing the problem? (to finish). 2. Is it still raining? (to stop). 3. Is the room-clerk still checking people in? (to finish). 4. Has he painting the picture long? (to begin).
b) I don’t like it when you are late:
I don’t like your being late.
1. I dislike it when he is doing nothing. 2. I don’t mind if you open the window. 3. I hate it when he sings. 4. He dislikes it when criticizes his essays.
c) What did he say about the novel? (to read)
He said it was worth reading.
1. What did he say about the performance? (to see).
2. What did he say about the lecture? (to attend).
3. What did he say about the proposal? (to think over).
4. What did she say about his article? (to read).
d) You’ve told Ben about it, haven’t you?
Yes, of course I couldn’t help telling him about it.
1. You’ve encouraged Bill, haven’t you? 2. They agreed with him, didn’t they? 3. He changed his mind, didn’t he? 4. They’ve enjoyed the film, haven’t they?
e) I insist that you should borrow books from the library.
I insist on your borrowing books from the library.
1. I insist that you should lend books to your friends.
2. He insists that John should apologize to them.
3. They insist that he should examine the documents.
4. I insist that Mary should forgive them.
f) You should think it over before you give an answer.
You should think it over before giving an answer.
1. You should collect the necessary material before you start to write an essay. 2. You should reserve a hotel room before you leave on business. 3. You should think the offer over before you accept it.
g) I see no reason why they should leave tonight.
I see no reason for their leaving tonight.
1. I see no reason why they should criticize him. 2. He gave up all hope that he would see them again. 3. I don’t like the idea that I should do everything myself. 4. There is a way this problem can be settled.
h) I suppose Mr. Nelson saw the manager before leaving?
No, he left without seeing the manager.
1. I suppose Mrs. Blake left a message before going away? 2. I suppose he thought the offer over before accepting it? 3. I suppose you made an appointment with him before going to see him? 4. I suppose you made some changes before handing the paper?
Exercise 5
Complete these sentences using gerunds.
1. The telephone went on … (to ring). 2. Will you please stop…? (to read). 3. Would you mind …? (to repeat). 4. Your idea is worth … (to consider). 5. Excuse my … (to interrupt you). 6. He dislikes … (to deal with them). 7. He gave up … . (to learn French). 8. He does not feel like … . (to go into politics). 9. He couldn’t help … . (to agree with them).
Exercise 6
Put the verb in brackets into the required form of the gerund in Active or Passive form.
1. Why do you avoid (to speak) to me? 2. She tried to avoid (to speak) to. 3. The doctor insisted on (to send) the sick man to hospital. 4. Do you mind him (to examine) by a heart specialist? 5. He showed no sign of (to recognize) me. 6. He had a strange habit of (to interfere) in other people’s business. 7. I was angry at (to interrupt) every other moment. 8. He was always ready for (to help) people. 9. On (to allow) to leave the room the children immediately ran out into the yard and began (to play). 10. In (to make) this experiment they came across some very interesting phenomena. 11. The results of the experiment must be checked and re-checked before (to publish).
Exercise 7
Put the verb in brackets into the required from of the gerund.
1. Excuse me for (to break) your beautiful vase. 2. You never mentioned (to be) to Greece. 3. She was proud of (to award) the cup of a champion. 4. I don’t remember ever (to meet) your sister. 5. I don’t remember (to ask) this question by anybody. 6. I am quite serious in (to say) that I don’t want to go abroad. 7. She confessed to (to forget) to send the letter. 8. Going to the party was no use: he had no talent for (to dance). 9. She accused him of (to steal) her purse. 10. David was very glad of (to find) his aunt.
Exercise 8
Translate into English, using the gerund.
1. Я не можу не боятися. 2. Продовжуйте працювати. 3. Ми залишили думку про купівлю нових меблів. 4. Перестаньте розмовляти. 5. Я не заперечую, що був там вчора. 6. Я схвалюю ваше бажання вчити німецьку мову. 7. Продовжуйте обговорювати ці питання. 8. Я схвалюю вашу роботу. 9. Вона заперечувала, що допомогла їм. 10. Я не можу не сміятися, коли дивлюся на вас. 11. Вона скаржилася, що весь час зайнята. 12. Плавати у холодній воді неприємно. 13. Не ідіть, не сказавши нам свою нову адресу. 14. Приходячи додому, я звичайно трохи відпочиваю. 15. Ви закінчили писати? 16. Схоже на дощ. 17. Він говорить без зупинки. 18. Це місце варто побачити. 19. Він кинув курити кілька років тому. 20. Ми з нетерпінням чекали побачити вас знову. 21. Вони звинувачували його у пограбуванні вдома. 22. Вона залишалась у місті ціле літо, тому що її дочка хворіла. 23. Вона боялась говорити з директором. 24. Цей факт не варто згадувати. 25. Я отримав задоволення, читаючи цю книгу.
NOUN
A noun is a world for something in the world. It can describe a person (teacher), a thing (desk), a place (school), a time (year), a feeling (fear), an action (reply) or an event (lesson).
Form
English nouns have very few forms. There are only two numbers: singular (one) and plural (two or more). It does not matter how we use a noun in a sentence; the form is usually the same. The form is something different only with the genitive.
singular plural
ordinary girl girls
genitive girl’s girls’
Form
SINGULAR and PLURAL NOUNS
1. Regular plurals
|
Singular noun
|
Plural noun |
a. Most nouns form their plural by adding –s to the singular noun. |
book day girl |
books days girls |
b. We add –es if the singular noun ends in –ch, -sh, -s, or –x |
church dish bus box |
churches dishes buses boxes |
c. Some nouns ending in –o (tomato, potato, echo, hero, negro are the most common), add –es in the plural |
tomato potato hero |
tomatoes potatoes heroes |
Other nouns ending in –o, add –s only |
piano radio |
pianos radios |
d. Nouns ending in a consonant –y charge the –y to –i and add -es |
baby factory |
babies factories |