In my country

1. Children have to start school when they are six.

2. You have to stay at school until the age of sixteen.

Exercise 5

Fill in do, does or have to. Ask someone about his or her country.

Example: How old do you have to be to drive in your country?

1. ____________ you ___________ have a licence to drive?

2. ____________ everyone _________ wear a seat belt in your car?

3. How old ___________ you ___________ be to ride a motorbike?

4. ______________ you __________ wear a crash helmet on a motorbike?

5. ______________ you __________ have a licence to ride a bicycle?

6. How old ________ you __________ be to get a job?

7. ____________ everyone ____________ have an identity card?

Exercise 6

Make up questions using: Did you have to…?

Example: Did you have to get up early yesterday?

1. do a lot of homework last weekend

2. take an exam last week

3. go to the dentist last month

4. go into hospital last year

5. clean the room the day before yesterday

Exercise 7

Make up sentences with the expressions of the Ex. 6, using: I had to … or I didn’t have to …

Example: I had to get up early yesterday. or I didn’t have to get up early yesterday.

Exercise 8

Translate into English.

1. Мені потрібно	піти в магазин сьогодні приготувати обід написати листа брату
2. Я буду змушений	піти в магазин завтра приготувати обід зробити уроки піти до школи написати листа брату
3. Я був змушений	піти до магазину завтра приготувати обід зробити уроки піти до школи написати листа брату.

Exercise 9

Translate the following questions into English and give answers to them.

1. Що вам потрібно зробити сьогодні?

2. Що ви були змушені зробити вчора?

3. Що ви будете змушені зробити завтра?

SHOULD

Should – is used to express an (the) advice or a point of view of a speaker or a necessity to perform an action.

You’ve got cold. You should go to bed.

Parents shouldn’t hit their children.

Form

A ffirmative (+) Negative (-) (full and short forms)

I I

you you

he he

she should work she should not (shouldn’t) work

it it

we we

you you

they they

Question (?) Short answers:

I Yes, I / you / he / she / it / we / they should.

you No, I / you / he / she / it / we / they shouldn’t.

he

Should she work?

it

we

you

they

Exercise 1

Make up sentences. Give some piece of advice, using You should … or You shouldn’t …

Example: You should try it first.

get up today, wear walking boots,

go out more, swim straight (directly) after meal.

Exercise 2

Make up sentences. Use I think … should or I don’t think … should.

Example: I think people should watch less TV. (or) I don’t think people should watch less TV.

1. boys and girls / go / to the same school.

2. men and woman / get / the same pay for the same job.

3. people / be / free to smoke in public places.

4. we / stop / testing medicine on animals.

5. we / destroy / nuclear weapons.

Exercise 3

Complete the questions. Use do you think I should…

Situation: You ask someone from the country you want to visit for advice.

Example: When do you think I should visit you country?

1. go / in the summer?

2. How / travel / when I’m here?

3. hire / a car?

4. Which places / visit?

5. Stay / in hotels?

6. take / traveller’s cheques?

Exercise 4

Give an(omit) advice, use should and the words given in brackets.

Example: Her dictation is not very good (to read aloud). She should read aloud.

1. The boy is a little pale (to play out-of-doors).

2. I am afraid you will miss that train (to take a taxi).

3. There is no one in. (to try the room next door).

4. I have a slight irritation in my throat (to smoke less).

5. This child doesn’t want to eat soup. (not to give her sweets before dinner).

6. She makes a lot of spelling mistakes (to copy passages out of a book).

7. The dog is afraid of him (not to shout at the dog).

Exercise 5

Paraphrase the following using should.

1. I advise you to buy this coat. 2. I advise you to go in for skating. 3. I advise you to read this book in the original. 4. I advise you to consult a doctor. 5. I don’t advise you to go there tonight. 6. I think you must wait for them. 7. I think you musn’t (shouldn’t) go there alone. 8. I think you must apologize to her. 9. I think she mustn’t punish the boy for it.

Exercise 6

Translate into English.

1. Вам слід би робити ранкову зарядку. 2. Їй не слід брати дитину в кіно. 3. Нам слід купити квитки заздалегідь. 4. Вам слід бути уважнішими на уроках. 5. Вам не слід зоставатися там допізна. 6. Не слід розмовляти з нею англійською. 7. Ліпше надіньте бавовняні шкарпетки. 8. Краще скажіть кому-небудь про це. 9. Вам потрібно звернути направо.

NEED

Need

Need not – Відсутність необхідності (дозвольте не) Need …? – Потрібно …?

You need not do it. – Можете не робити Need I do it? – Потрібно?

Compare: You cannot do it. – Ти не можеш робити це. You need not do it. – Ти можеш не робити це.

Need – is used to express necessity.

Affirmative (+) Negative (-) (full and short forms)

I I

you you

he he

she need do it she need not (needn’t) do it

it it

we we

you you

they they

Question (?) Short answer:

I Yes, I / he / she / it / we / you / they need.

you No, I / he / she / it / we / you / they needn’t.

he

Need she do it?

it

we

you

they

Exercise 1

Translate into Ukrainian.

1. My sister cannot write this letter: she is very busy. 2. My sister need not write this letter: I shall phone them. 3. She cannot buy bread. 4. She needn’t buy bread. 5. She cannot read so many books. 6. She needn’t read so many books. 7. Nick cannot go to school today. 8. Nick needn’t go to school today. 9. They cannot translate this article. 10. They need not translate this article.

Exercise 2

Make up five sentences from each table.

I he / she we you they

needn’t

do this exercise in written from. have learned this poem by heart. be afraid. call the doctor. lock the door.

Need

I he / she we you they

say it to you? trouble him with such a trifle? repeat the sentence? do it again? put on a coat in such a weather?

Exercise 3

Paraphrase the following sentences, using need.

Example: It is not necessary to go there. You need not go there.

1. There is no necessity for her to do it herself.

2. There is no reason for you to worry: he is as strong as a horse.

3. Is it any use in our going into all that now?

4. It is not necessary to take the six-thirty. A later train will do as well.

5. Why do you want to press the skirt? It is not creased at all.

6. It is not necessary for you to remind me about her birthday. I remember the date very well.

7. Why do you mention all these figures. The situation as clear as it is.

8. Why do you want to do it all day?

Exercise 4

Give negative answers to the following questions.

Example: Must we do this exercise at home? – No, you needn’t. You needn’t do this exercise at home.

1. Must we come to school on Sunday? 2. Must I bring my dictionary tomorrow? 3. Must Nick re-write his homework? 4. Must I wait for you? 5. Must she go there herself?

Exercise 5

Fill in can, must, need.

1. If you want to improve your English, you ________ work very hard. 2. ___________ I take this book? _____________ Certainly, but you _____________ not give it anybody. 3. Mother, _________ I go to the country tomorrow? – No, you __________ not. The doctor says you ________________ stay at home for a day or two. 4. There is something wrong with your television-set. You ___________ call a repair-man. – Oh, we ___________ not do it! My brother _______________ fix it himself. 5. ___________ we bring these text-books every day? – No, you ___________ not: you ___________ take them from the library. 6. ________________ you go to the country with us? – No, I am afraid I ______________ not: I ___________ go to the library.

Exercise 6

Translate into English.

1. Мені потрібно тобі допомогти? – Ні, дякую, я усе зроблю сам. 2. Ви можете не йти туди. 3. Йому не потрібно турбуватися про неї. 4. Я можу і не питати його: він сам мені розповість. 5. Вам не обов’язково телефонувати мені: я не забуду про свою обіцянку. 6. Вона може не йти до бібліотеки: я дам їй книгу. 7. Ви могли не брати парасольку і я впевнений дощу не буде. 8. Навіщо їй купувати таку велику кількість продуктів.