The participle

The Participle is a non-finite form of the verb which has verbal, adjectival and adverbial properties.

There are two participles in English: Present Participle (Participle I) and Past Participle (Participle II).

Forms of the Participle

Voice Tense	Active		Passive
	Intransitive	Transitive
Present Participle (Participle I)	coming	writing	being written
Past Participle (Participle II)	come	----------	written
Perfect Participle	having come	having written	having been written

Intransitive verbs haven’t forms in Passive Voice.

Present Participle Active may have different time relations to the finite verb.

Present Participle Active and Passive may express an action:

a) simultaneous with that expressed by the finite verb;

He stood looking out of the window.

Він стояв і дивився у вікно.

b) referring to the present irrespective of the time of the action expressed by the finite verb;

The students working in our village came from Kiev.

Студенти, що працюють у нашому селі, приїхали з Києва.

c) having no reference to any particular time;

Smilyanskaya street is a street dividing Cherkassy into two main districts.

Вулиця Смілянська – це вулиця, яка поділяє Черкаси на два головних райони.

d) preceding that expressed by the finite verb if these actions closely follow each other (such verbs as to enter, to open, to close, to arrive, to cross, to see, to hear).

Arriving at the airport he went to the waiting-room.

Прибувши до аеропорту він пішов до залу очікування.

Opening the window he began to work.

Відкривши вікно він почав працювати.

Negative form of the Participle is formed by means of participle not which is placed before the participle.

Not knowing her new address I couldn’t send her a letter.

Не знаючи її нової адреси, я не міг відіслати їй листа.

Functions of Participle in the Sentence

1. the Attribute	Look at the sleeping child.	Погляньте на сплячу дитину.
2. the Adverbial Modifier a) of time b) of reason c) of manner or attendant circumstances	When asked he refused to answer the question. Having been translated into many languages the book became world famous. He was speaking standing at the window.	Коли його запитали, він відмовився відповідати на питання. Оскільки книга була перекладена багатьма мовами, вона стала відомою у всьому світі. Він говорив, стоячи біля вікна.
3. Part of the predicate	The contract is being discussed. All rooms were locked.	Контракт обговорюється. Всі кімнати були зачинені.