- •Южный федеральный университет о. И. Сафроненко
- •Southern Federal University
- •Предисловие
- •Contents
- •Focus on Language
- •Keep learning? Keep earning!
- •What are effective study habits?
- •Focus on Language
- •First degree courses in the uk
- •Focus on Language
- •Starting your haunt of treasures
- •A university is just a group of buildings gathered around a library.” Shelby Foote
- •Unexpected Discoveries
- •Metric system microscope thermometer telescope
- •Invention /discovery
- •Breakthroughs of the 20th century
- •Verb Suffixes
- •Inventor
- •Double-edged sword
- •Learning Objectives
- •In this module you will learn how:
- •Discuss
- •Environmental Hazards of the Computer Revolution
- •Comprehension check
- •Work in teams of 3. Make as many words as possible using the prefixes re-, dis-, over-, sub-, en-, up- . Compare as a class.
- •The advent of “green” computer design
- •Learning Objectives
- •Science for the Twenty-First Century
- •As old as writing
- •Discuss
- •Learning Objectives
- •Part-time Jobs vs. Holiday Jobs
- •The Experience that is shaping the rest of my life
- •Complete the table to illustrate the basic rules for backshift when transforming direct speech into reported speech.
- •What Can I Do with a Science Degree?
- •Scripts Module 1 Unit 1
- •Module 1 Unit 2
- •Module 2 Unit 1
- •Module 2 Unit 2
- •Module 3 Unit 1
- •Module 3 Unit 2
- •Module 4 Unit 1 Abacus
- •Module 4 Unit 2
- •Module 5 Unit 1
- •Module 5 Unit 2
- •Module 6 unit 1
- •Module 6 Unit 2
- •Module 7 Unit 1
- •Module 7 Unit 2
- •Interviewer
- •Interviewer
- •Interviewer
- •Keys Module 1 Unit 1
- •Module 1 Unit 2
- •Module 1 Unit 3
- •Module 2 Unit 1
- •Module 2 Unit 2
- •Comprehension check 1
- •Comprehension check 2
- •Module 2 Unit 3
- •Module 3 Unit 1
- •In the Realm of Science 2
- •Module 3 Unit 2 Reading
- •Reading Focus on language 2
- •Module 3 Unit 3
- •Module 4 Unit 1
- •Module 4Unit 2
- •Module 4 Unit 3
- •Module 5 Unit 1
- •Module 5 Unit 2
- •Unit 3 Review
- •Module 6 Unit 1
- •In the Realm of Science 1
- •Module 6 Unit 2
- •In the Realm of Science 2
- •Module 6 Unit 3
- •Module 7 Unit 1
- •Module 7 Unit 2
- •Module 7 Unit 3
The advent of “green” computer design
Some fundamental changes are beginning to take place in the computer industry. These changes are not about MIPS or megabytes. They are about manufacturers beginning to look for the ways to make their products more recyclable. This process is known as “green” computer design.
Study help Digrammes have the potential to capture a lot of information on a single page. They help to show the conceptual links between ideas and allows to add additional material without the need to crowd the page. While drawing diagrammes - use lines, colours, branches, arrows or some other ways of showing connections between ideas; - leave lots of space to highlight things, add information or add questions and words; - write down key ideas in capitals as they are easier to read in a diagramme and explanatory notes in lower case. |
Green computer design addresses a number of primary issues: reducing the resources consumed and the waste generated when producing computers or components; developing cleaner manufacturing processes; minimizing the energy and other resources that computers consume and enabling computers and components to be used (and thereby stay out of the waste steam) longer.
The computer industry must overcome a variety
of economic, technical, and organizational difficulties before green design can become commonplace.
Manufacturers will have to spend time and money to retrain designers, engineers, and assembly workers to perform environmentally friendly computer design and manufacturing. However, the influence can be made less serious because computer companies generally provide employees with regular retraining anyway to keep up with other new design and manufacturing practices.
One of the most promising “green” techniques, de-manufacturing, currently
faces a variety of problems that make it impractical on a large scale in many cases. For example, the cost of labor required to disassemble, sort, and transport recovered components can be much higher than the price of simply purchasing new components. Researchers are looking for ways to overcome this problem.
(Abridged and adapted from Business Xpansion Journal,“Recycling old computers?”, R. Duran)
Get real |
Search home pages of the leading computer companies and environment websites to get more information on possible solutions to e-waste problem. Report back to the class and discuss what you have found.
Writing |
You are planning to buy a new computer but don’t know what to do with the old one. Write an e-mail message to one of the electronic equipment manufacturers asking for information on company’s takeback policies.
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Dear Sir/Madam,
I am mailing this via the “Contact Us” link on your website to (1) ………………… ….………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………... .
I bought my old PC (2) ………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………... . Could you give me more information about (3)………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………... . …………………………………………………………………………………………... . I hope you will (4) ……………………………………………………………………
I look forward to hearing from you soon.
Yours faithfully, (5)……………………
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explain the purpose of your e-mail
provide basic information on your PC and its components, when and where you bought it, decide whether they are still working or not
ask for information on the items the company takes back, delivery, package and prices
express your gratitude for the help
sign the letter
In the Realm of Science |
Check the pronunciation and the meaning of the words below. Which of them are chemical elements? Which are compounds? Write down the symbols for the elements and formulas for the compounds.
nitric acid HNO3 |
cadmium Cd |
sulphur S |
nitrogen oxide NO2 |
calcium Ca |
phosphine PH5 |
hydrochloric acid HCl |
mercury Hg |
carbon dioxide CO2 |
hydrocarbons XHCO3 |
dioxide XO2 |
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Work in pairs. Take turns to read and note down these elements and compounds:
Unit 2 Progress Monitoring In this unit you have worked on the following vocabulary related to the topic “Negative influence of electronic equipment on the environment”
Tick (V) the points you are confident about and cross (X) the ones you need to revise.
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Unit 3 Review
Join the sentences in two ways, with or without which/that.
A lot of rubbish is floating in the sea. It is a real danger to health.
The problem of soil erosion is discussed in this chapter. It has occurred ever
since the man began destroy forests.
Nuclear energy comes from the energy stored within the nuclei of atoms.
They are the basic building blocks of all matter.
The best things in life such as water and air are free. We often take it for
granted.
The manufacture of one PC requires 28kg of liquid chemicals. All liquid
chemicals have to be neutralized by a further 11 kg of sodium hydroxide.
An average PC consumes 100 watts of electricity when switched on but not
in use. 100 watts of electricity is equivalent to a bright light bulb.
New machines use no more than 30 watts. They are given the Energy Star
Logo.
In 1993 the USA introduced the Energy Star Logo. The ESL eliminated the
need to build 10 extra power stations.
In the USA computers use 5 % of commercial power. By 2010 the use of
commercial power by computers could rise to 15 %, or 100 billion kilowatt-hours per year.
Some factories had developed manufacturing processes. This processes
considerably cut the amount of wastes produced.
Join the sentences with to, in order (not) to, so that or for.
European countries formed a work group. The purpose of the work group is to work out the measures that will limit computer dumping.
Old computers can be used in schools and colleges. They must be dismantled and adapted.
Manufacturers are encouraged to make a lot of changes to their products. New products need to be more easily recycled.
Hewlett-Packard takes back old computers, faxes, printers, etc. It disassembles the office equipment, reconditions its components.
Hewlett-Packard disassembles old computing equipment, reconditions its subassemblies. They are used as spare parts for customer’s existing equipment.
Manufacturers spend a lot of time and money for various retraining programmes. They need to retrain designers, engineers and assembly workers to perform environmentally friendly computer design and manufacturing.
3. Explain the difference between these pairs:
litter - waste
break down - dismantle
refurbish - repair
recycle - process
effect - affect
chemical element - chemical compound
4. Do the crossword to write the word in bold.
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the reduction of the layer of natural gases that protects the earth from
dangerous ultraviolet radiation
the reduction of the territory that a plant or animal lives and grows best in
a process when different kinds of animals and plants disappear
floods, volcanic eruptions, hurricanes, etc.
a result of atmospheric contamination when industrial gases and
chemicals mix with water in the air
harmful chemicals and gases from factories, machines, traffic fumes that
enter the air to make it dirty
a general increase in the temperature of the world caused by harmful chemicals and gases from cars and factories
harmful chemicals, waste materials from factories, houses etc that enter the land and damage the things that live or grow there
gases from factories, machines, traffic fumes etc that form a layer around the earth and keep the heat it
devices and/or their components that are no longer useful
a process when too many trees are cut down in an area, so that the environment is badly damaged
5. Read these sayings. Comment on the one you like most.
“The nation that destroys its soil destroys itself.” Franklin D. Roosevelt
“Modern technology owes ecology an apology.” Alan M. Eddison
“We never know the worth of water till the well is dry.” Thomas Fuller, Gnomologia, 1732
“We do not inherit the earth from our ancestors, we borrow it from our children.” Native American Proverb
Each one teach one |
Write down a short vocabulary list (10 items) on the topic “Environment”.
Compare your lists. Cross out the items you have on both lists and explain the
meaning of the rest of the words and phrases.
Writing |
Look at the pictures and with a partner discuss the environmental problems they illustrate. Write a paragraph of about 150 words to describe the picture you have chosen.
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“Given so much time, the “impossible” becomes possible, the possible probable and the probable virtually certain. One has only to wait: time itself performs miracles.”
George Wald