19. Technological Process of Sugar Production

Sugar is made from the sugar beets. They are sowed in the fields. The sugar beets are transported to the territory of the sugar plants by lorries, tractors and other transport. The mud and stones are removed with the help of special mechanisms and machines. The sugar beets are stocked.

The hydroconveyer transports them to the plant. Light and heavy impurities are removed on this way. Then the sugar beets are washed in the beet washers. Ferroimpurities are removed. The beets are weighed. They are cut into shreds (стружку) on the beet mill.

Then it goes to the diffusing apparatus. We get the sweet juice. Then it is purified. The juice goes to the evaporating apparatus and we get the syrup.

The syrup is supplied to the vacuum apparatus where the sugar is boiled out. Then it goes to the centrifuge. We get crystals of sugar. The resulting syrup is called "molasses". The wet crystals of sugar- come to the drying drum. Then it comes to the conveyer. The sugar is packed into the bags 50 kilograms each.

20. Automation

The machine is known to be the major and efficient means of labour in modern production. The machine-building industry pro­duces various kinds of machinery and machine-tools to meet the requirements of engineering branches as well as the light and food industries. The engineering industry is characterized by such features as increased capacities and speeds of machinery the replacement of mechanical control systems by electrical and hydraulic ones. It is characterized by simplification of machinery design, an increasing use of automatic devices and the introduction of programme control techniques on a mass scale. Automation of production means producing automatic and semiautomatic machinery, machine-tools, numerically controlled machines based on microprocessors and microcomputers, installing transfer lines. It is a key production for the building of the material and technical base of economy. What is automation? Shortly speaking, automation consists of four integral parts: transfer machines, automatic assembly, communication engineering and control engineer­ing. There is difference between mechanization and automation. In automation the functions of control, maintaining machines are trans­ferred to other machines while in mechanization these functions are transferred to the working mechanisms.

The mechanized and automated production lines replace the work of a tremendous number of workers. There are fully automated enterprises such as chemical and hydro-power plants. The development and mass production of new types of computer technology makes it possible to exclude man from the entire technological processes.

The so-called flexible manufacturing systems (FMS) are able to meet the demands of industry. They are considered to be the future of the automated plant.

Література:

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8. В.К. Шпак "Computer Reader", Cherkasy, 1998.

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