Text 17

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Equipment for food industry. Universal mixers

Universal Mixers. Mixers of this type consist of half drum in which there are two revolving blades specially designed to rotate as near to the interior wall of the drum as possible. The blades are geared to run at different speeds and are of different lengths and bends, so that they carry the dough backward and forward and from end to end of the machine.

Advantages of machine mixing.

1. A much better and more evenly mixed dough which has been properly "cleared", is obtained.

2. Great labour - saving is effected.

3. Where a large number of doughs have to be made is a great saving in time. This is not always so important where only a few doughs have to be made.

4. More thorough hydration of the gluten results, and the quantity of dough produced is increased, since more water can be used.

5. Better texture is obtained in the bread.

6. It is cleaner than hand - mixing especially with tight doughs.

Answer the questions:

1. What do the Universal Mixers consist of?

2. What are the advantages of machine mixing?

3. Is it cleaner than hand-mixing?

Text 18

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Equipment for food industry

High-speed dough mixers. This type of machines, known as high-speed dough mixers, is in general use for almost all breadmaking purposes. These mixers are much larger than slow-speed mixers of corresponding capacity, because the mixing chamber is something surrounded by a cooling chamber. Large electric motors are required to drive it. Some large jackets are enclosed. This is necessary because of the heat developed during mixing; without the jacket the dough would become over-heated. The main shaft carries the agitators, which can run at a slow, as well as high, speed. The whole machine can be so controlled that when the dough is mixed the mixer can be tilted by a special mechanism.

With these machines exceedingly "clear" doughs are obtained, since the gluten is so thoroughly developed.

Answer the questions:

1. Are the high-speed dough mixers larger than slow-speed mixers of corresponding capacity?

2. Why are large jackets enclosed?

3. What does the main shaft carry?

Text 19

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From the history of mechanics

The history of modern mechanics being based on the discoveries of ancient scientists goes back to the 4th century when the first known attempts of the kind were conducted.

It took thousands of years for man to find scientific explanations for mechanical phenomena. There was little advance in mechanics until the 15th century when it began developing intensively. Following the discoveries in the field of mechanics, during this period, we should mention the name of Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519).

In the l7th century mechanics was further enriched by Galileo Galilei (1564-1642). Being the follower of Galilei Isaac Newton developed mechanics to the level of a science. The mechanics of Galilei and Newton, now known as classical mechanics, made the foundation for the intensive development of that science.

Mechanics, thanks to its outstanding discoveries took the leading position among other sciences, having enriched them at the turn of the 18th century. Russian scientists made a great contribution to world science.

Answer the questions:

1. When were the first mechanical discoveries conducted?

2. How many years did it take for man to find scientific explanations for mechanical phenomena?

3. Who made the discoveries in the field of mechanics?