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2. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. A hierarchy of courts is an organization with levels of authority from the highest to the lowest courts. 2. To appeal means to take a case to a higher court in the hope of a new decision. 3. A request to a higher court to reexamine and change the judgment of a previous court hearing is called an appeal. 4. An appellant is the person or the party that requests an appeal. 5. Adjudication is an act of giving a judgment or of deciding a legal problem. 6. The courts called tribunals are specialist courts outside the judicial system which examine special problems and make judgments. 7. To arbitrate is to settle a dispute between parties by referring it to an arbitrator instead of going to court. 8. The word legislation* means making laws or the laws made. 9. Jurisdiction is administration of justice or the extent of legal authority. 10. An assessor expert helps and advises a judge on technical matters in a particularly difficult case. 11. Disputes are disagreements or arguments. To be in dispute means to be in opposition to each other. 12. The agreement is binding on all parties, that is, all parties signing it must do what is agreed. 13. To bind is to place a court under legal obligation to act in accordance with a previous judicial decision.

3. Fill in the gaps.

1. We have no authority to deal with this matter: it does not come within our ... 2.The person who goes to a higher court to ask it to change a decision or a sentence of a lower court is known to be called an ... 3. To ... means to take a question to a higher court for rehearing and a new decision. 4. An ... is a person giving a decision on a legal problem in an industrial dispute. 5. The judicial ... implies that judges in the higher courts have more authority than those in the lower courts. 6. Labour ... is laws concerning the employment of workers. 7. ... is the settlement of a dispute between parties by an outside person, chosen by both parties. 8. He lost his ... for damages against the company. 9. Industrial ... are courts which can decide in disputes between employers and employees. 10. Industrial or labour ... are arguments between management and workers. 11. ... precedent is a decision of a higher court which has to be followed by a judge in a lower court.

4. Match the words on the left with the words on the right.

A

B

  1. hear / treat

a. interests

  1. play

b. a rule

  1. regulate

c. a case

  1. resolve / settle

d. facts

  1. make

e. relations

  1. observe

f. with power

  1. protect

g. a part / role

  1. keep

h. a dispute / argument

  1. invest

i. to a higher court

  1. assess

j. smth. to the minimum

  1. appeal

k. a decision