Vocabulary

Enhance – посилювати, підвищувати; удосконалення

rehabilitate – реконструювати, ремонтувати

deteriorating – зношений, пошкодженний

vital – життєво необхідний

concern – занепокоєння

threat – загроза

maritime – морський

ensuing – подальший

spill – виливання

density – напруженість

feasible – можливий

utmost importance – найважливіший

axіs (pl. axes) – вісь

upgrading – модернізація

Assignments

1. Read and translate text 20 using the vocabulary.

2. Answer the questions on the text.

1. What is INOGATE?

2. What is the aim of the INOGATE Programe?

3. How many Participating Countries have signed the INOGATE Agreement?

4. What is of outmost importance for oil transporting by pipelines?

5. What are the priority axes for crude oil pipelines?

3. Speak on:

- The importance of new energy transportation projects for the EU and CIS countries;

- The role of the INOGATE Programme for participating countries.

Text 21. Projects of European Interest

The Northern Trans-European gas pipeline project is of 1,295 kilometres long. This gas pipeline would transport Russian gas from the Russian coast north of St. Petersburg under the Baltic Sea to northern Germany and then onwards via the Netherlands to the United Kingdom. It would have a capacity of 20 to 30 billion cubic metres a year. The main future source of the gas for this pipeline is foreseen to be the new Shtokman field, which lies some 650 kilometres north-east of Murmansk in the Barents Sea.

A second Yamal-Europe gas pipeline network has two alternatives:

• through Belarus and Poland to run parallel to the first Yamal with a similar capacity. In this context, Belarus is an important transit country for Russian gas deliveries to Europe. The total capacity for the two Yamal lines is foreseen at 65.7 billion cubic metres.

• through the Baltic States to Poland referred to as the "Amber" Project. This option appeared in 2004.

• A Turkey-Greece-Italy interconnection drawing in the countries of South East Europe directly or indirectly, and would in time bring the resources of the Caspian region, Iran and the Middle East to the enlarged EU market and the Balkans. The total capacity is estimated at 22 billion cubic metres with a total of 3,398 kilometres of pipelines.

• Turkey-Bulgaria-Romania-Hungary-Austria gas pipeline. Bulgaria, Romania and Hungary are located in between major producers of energy in Russia and the Caspian Sea region and major consumers of energy in Turkey and Europe. This makes South Eastern Europe an important transit route for Russian, Caspian and Middle East natural gas supplies. The total capacity is estimated at 20 billion cubic metres with a total of 3,630 kilometres of pipelines.

• Greece, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Serbia, Bosnia, Croatia and Slovenia gas pipeline. This pipeline is still in the early stages of development.

• Azerbaijan - Georgia - Turkey gas pipeline will go through the Caucasus region westwards from Azerbaijan to Georgia and then southwards to the Turkish town of Erzurum, where it will be connected to the Turkish gas pipeline system. The pipeline will exploit the natural gas from the giant offshore Azeri field of Shah Deniz, which has proven reserves of 460 billion cubic metres. A full capacity of around 8 billion cubic meters per year is to be achieved in 2009.

• (Turkmenistan-)Iran-Turkey gas pipeline. This infrastructure linking Iran to Turkey must be fixed under international rules. It will permit to supply Turkmen and Iranian gas to the EU market through the Turkey-Greece and Turkey-Romania interconnections.

• The Ukraine’s gas transit network is particularly important as it is currently responsible for transiting 40% of the EU's gas supplies.