Energy saving

Exercise 1. Read, practice and learn the following words and word combinations.

Electricity transmission – електропередача

power plant – електростанція

customer – споживач

criss-cross (with smth) – перехрещувати(ся)

power line / transmission line – лінія електропостачання / електропередач

produce electricity – виробляти електрику (електроенергію)

invent – винаходити

boost voltage – підсилювати напругу

reduce voltage – знижувати напругу

travel а long distance – проходити велику відстань

transfer more efficiently – передавати більш ефективно

lose – втрачати

high voltage transmission line – високовольтна лінія електропередач

substation – підстанція

mass transit – громадський транспорт

high (low) voltage electricity – електроенергія високої (низької) напруги

run – тут: приводити в дію

street lights – вуличне освітлення

stop light – стоп-сигнал

pole – стовп, паля

convert power – перетворювати (електро)енергію

appliance – пристрій, електроприлад

over-head (underground) lines – надземні (підземні) лінії

distribution lines – розподільчі лінії

high-voltage tower – високовольтна опора

restore power – відновляти енергопостачання

weather people – метеорологи

utility company worker – працівник комунальної служби

bill – рахунок; виставляти рахунок

fuse – плавкий запобіжник

fuse box – блок запобіжників

circuit breaker – автоматичний вимикач

destructive – руйнівний

read the meter – знімати показання приладу

bill – рахунок ( за товар, послуги); виписувати (виставляти рахунок)

blow – перегорати

trip – вимикатися

short circuit – коротке замикання

Exercise 2. Read, translate and give the gist of text 1.

Text 1. Electricity Transmission

After electricity is produced at power plants it has to get to the customers that use the electricity. Our cities, towns, states and the entire country are criss-crossed with power lines that ‘carry’ the electricity.

As large generators spin, they produce electricity with a voltage of about 25,000 volts. A volt is a measurement unit of electromotive force in electricity. This is the electric force that ‘pushes’ electrons around a circuit. ‘Volt’ is named after Alessandro Volta, an Italian physicist who invented the first battery.

The electricity first goes to a transformer at the power plant that boosts the voltage up to 400,000 volts. When electricity travels long distances it is better to have it at higher voltages. Another way of saying this is that electricity can be transferred more efficiently at high voltages.

Long thick cables of transmission lines are made of copper or aluminium because they have a low resistance. You know that the higher the resistance of a wire, the warmer it gets. So, some of the electrical energy is lost because it is changed into heat energy. High voltage transmission lines carry electricity long distances to a substation.

The power lines go into substations near businesses, factories and homes. Here transformers change the very high voltage electricity back into lower voltage electricity.

From these substations, electricity in different power levels is used to run factories, streetcars and mass transit, street lights and stop lights, and is sent to your neighbourhood.

In your neighbourhood, another small transformer mounted on a pole or in a utility box converts the power to even lower levels to be used in your house. The voltage is eventually reduced to 220 volts for larger appliances, like stoves and clothes dryers, and 110 volts for lights, TVs and other smaller appliances.

Rather than over-head lines, some new distribution lines are underground. The power lines are protected from the weather which can cause line to break. Have you ever seen what happens after an ice storm?

More than 1,000 high voltage towers and 30,000 wooden utility poles were destroyed in Canada by a 1998 ice storm that hit Canada and parts of the United States. Close to 1,4 million people in Quebec and 230,000 in Ontario were without electricity. In many places, power was not fully restored for up to a week. Weather people called it the most destructive storm in Canadian history.

When electricity enters your home, it must pass through a meter. A utility company worker reads the meter so the company will know how much electricity you used and can bill you for the cost.

After being metered, the electricity goes through a fuse box into your home. The fuse box protects the house in case of problems. When a fuse (or circuit breaker) ‘blows’ or ‘trips’, something is wrong with an appliance or something was short-circuited.

Exercise 3. Answer the questions on text 1.

1. Why is electricity essential to modern life? 2. What voltage do generators produce? 3. What measurement unit of electromotive force in electricity is used? 4. How can electricity be transferred long distances more efficiently? 5. What are cables of transmission lines made of? Why? 6. What are substations used for? 7. How is voltage reduced to be used in your house? 8. What kind of distribution lines are used instead of over-head lines? Why? 9. What device is used to measure how much electricity you have used and have to pay? 10. What device protects the house in case of problems with electricity?

Exercise 4. Translate the following universal words without a dictionary. Mind the difference in their pronunciation and spelling in English and Ukrainian.

Electricity, generator, volt, distance, cable, energy, station, transit, storm, meter, problem, history, transmission, transformer, aluminium, state, line, battery, physical, stop, company.

Exercise 5. Find words in text 1 that can be used both as a noun and a verb. Translate the pairs.

Model: force – to force

сила – примушувати

Exercise 6. Translate the following words and word combinations:

a) electromotive force; power line; transmission line; high voltage; low resistance; electrical energy; heat energy; over-head line;

high voltage transmission line; distribution line; utility pole; destructive storm; short-circuited appliance; high (low) voltage electricity;

b) to produce electricity; to criss-cross with power lines; to go to a transformer; to boost voltage; to travel long distance; to have electricity at higher voltage; to carry electricity; to change back into lower voltage electricity; to run factories, streetcars, mass transit, street lights and stop lights; to convert power; to bill for the cost; to protect the house.

Exercise 7. Translate and comment upon the following grammar forms.

Is produced, are criss-crossed, boosts, goes to, can be transferred, are made of, is changed into, is lost, is used to run, is sent, be used, are protected, can cause, have seen, were destroyed, must pass through, will know, can bill, after being metered, goes through, protects, short-circuited, mounted.

Exercise 8. Give the initial form of these words.

Electrical, higher, warmer, lost, smaller, efficiently, better, made, lower, sent, wooden, most, eventually, larger, fully, worse.

Exercise 9. Match the English-Ukrainian equivalents.

1. fuse box 2. utility company 3. substation 4. short circuit 5. measurement unit 6. power plant 7. weather people 8. protect 9. boost 10. circuit breaker

1. одиниця виміру 2. підсилювати 3. блок запобіжників 4. комунальна служба 5. автоматичний вимикач 6. захищати 7. підстанція 8. коротке замикання 9. електростанція 10. метеорологи

Exercise 10. Determine parts of speech and translate the words.

Into, from, after, through, another, something, ever, when, near, without, around, some, than, up to, because, to, back, for, or, even, like, as, with, at, that.

Exercise 11. Complete the sentences using English equivalents of the words in brackets.

1. After electricity is produced at (електростанції) it has to get to the (споживачi) that use the electricity. 2. The electricity first goes to a (трансформатор) at the (електростанція) that boosts the (напруга) up to 400,000 volts. 3. (Високовольтні лінії електропередач) carry electricity long distances to a (підстанція). 4. The (лінії електропостачання) are protected from the weather which can cause line to break. 5. When (електрика) enters your home, it must pass through a (лічильник електроенергії). 6. The (блок запобіжників) protects the house in case of problems. 7. Long thinck (кабель) of (лінії електропередач) is made of (мідь та алюміній) that have low (опір).

Exercise 12. Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Великі генератори виробляють електрику з напругою близько 25000 вольт. 2. Вольт є одиницею виміру електрорушійної сили в електриці. 3. Електроенергія передається більш ефективно, якщо має високу напругу. 4. Довгий товстий кабель ліній електропередач виробляється з міді та алюмінію, тому що ці метали мають низький опір. 5. Лінії електропередач підходять до підстанцій біля установ, промислових будівель, домівок. 6. На підстанціях трансформатори змінюють електроенергію високої напруги на електроенергію низької напруги. 7. Від підстанцій електроенергія різної напруги передається для використання на підприємствах та житлових масивах, для роботи вуличного транспорту, вогнів вуличного освітлення, стоп-сигналів. 8. У більшості випадків використовують підземні лінії електропередач. 9. Лінії електропередач захищені від несприятливих погодних умов, які можуть спричинити їх пошкодження. 10. Електроенергія, в домах проходить через електро-лічильники, які показують, скільки електроенергії спожито, щоб визначити, скільки потрібно сплатити за рахунком.

Exercise 13. Read, practice and learn the following words and word combinations.

Chemical energy – хімічна енергія

heat energy – теплова енергія

radiant energy – променева енергія

Btu (British thermal unit) – британська теплова одиниця

sea level – рівень моря

equal – однаковий; рівнятися, дорівнювати

match – сірник

height – висота

exist – існувати

destroy – знищувати

inches – дюйм

flash light – ручний електричний ліхтар

occur – відбуватися

stir – розмішувати

liquid – рідина

chemical – хімічний продукт, хімікат

conduction - провідність

convection – конвекція

radiation – випромінювання

empty – порожній

store – зберігати

Exercise 14. Read, translate text 2 and make up a plan of key ideas.