- •Е.Н.Бобровская, е.Ю.Вовк, е.Г.Эсаулова
- •Contents Page
- •Grammar in Use 117
- •Verbals (Non-Finite Forms of the English Verbs)
- •In phrases, with one or more accompanying words.
- •The Infinitive
- •2. Introduction
- •3. Forms
- •Bare Infinitive
- •Functions
- •Functions of the infinitive
- •6. Infinitive Constructions
- •6.1. The Objective with the Infinitive Construction
- •6.2. The Subjective Infinitive Construction
- •Grammar practice
- •5. A) Use the infinitive in the non-perfect form of the active or passive voice.
- •6. Use either of the infinitives in brackets, give two variants where possible and explain the difference.
- •7. Translate into English.
- •8. Insert the particle to where necessary.
- •Grammar in use
- •1. Read the dialogue; find all the bare infinitives and explain their use. Act out the dialogue in class.
- •I’d Rather Pack Now
- •2. Your friend is going away on holiday. Now, she (he) is packing her (his) suitcase. You are trying to help by giving advice.
- •3. Make up dialogues using the given phrases:
- •Read the text; find all the infinitives and state their functions. Retell the passage.
- •Read the story. State the functions of the infinitives. Retell the story using as many infinitives as possible.
- •Read the jokes. Analyze the function of the infinitives in them:
- •9. The Objective-with-the Infinitive Construction.
- •Read the dialogue. Find all the Objective-with-the Infinitive Constructions in it and explain their use. Learn the dialogue and act it out in class. Do the tasks below.
- •Read the story “Shark-eating people” and retell it, using the Objective-with-the Infinitive Construction where possible.
- •Read the story “Sea Saga” and retell it, using the Objective-with-the Infinitive construction where possible:
- •Read the extract about the Bermuda Triangle. Retell it, using the Objective-with-the Infinitive Construction where possible.
- •Read the text. Do the tasks below. A Road Accident
- •Read the following article about Christopher Columbus and list the information about him in your notebook under the two headings below, use the Subjective Infinitive Constructions.
- •Complete the sentences with the For-to-Infinitive Constructions and act out the dialogues.
- •In the Station Buffet
- •Fun with grammar
- •1. Proverbs
- •2. Nursery rhymes and poems.
- •Idealists
- •4. Familiar Quotations
- •5. Funny Stories
- •The Science of Speaking
- •6. Read the jokes. Analyze the function of the infinitives in them:
- •The Gerund
- •7. Introduction
- •8. Forms of the Gerund
- •9. Functions of the Gerund
- •Functions of the gerund
- •10. Gerundial Predicative Constructions
- •11. The Gerund and the Verbal Noun
- •12. The Infinitive and the Gerund
- •Predicative
- •The main thing
- •Part of a predicative
- •Prepositional Object
- •Grammar practice
- •Grammar in use
- •1. Read the story below and find all the gerunds. State their functions.
- •2. Read the following articles and answer the questions below. Nurses can help people give up smoking
- •Cigarettes kill 7 times more than roads major effort urged to stop child smokers
- •Let’s talk
- •1. What’s the problem in Trudy’s family? How common is it?
- •2. Sum up the advice given by the readers. Which of the advice may help, do you think? Which advice would you follow if you had the same problem? What advice would you offer Trudy?
- •Fun with grammar
- •1. Proverbs
- •2. Familiar Quotations
- •3. Limericks
- •4. Nursery Rhymes
- •5. Poems
- •6. Funny Stories No Use Trying
- •Friendly Advice
- •It Speaks for Itself
- •Tiger Hunting
- •A High Price
- •The Participle
- •14. Introduction
- •15. Forms of the Participle
- •An escaped prisoner
- •16. Functions of the participle
- •16.1. Attribute
- •16.2. Adverbial Modifier
- •16.3. Predicative
- •17. Misrelated Participles
- •18. Predicative Constructions with the Participle
- •18.1. The Objective Participial Construction
- •18.2. The Subjective Participial Construction
- •The subjective construction with
- •18.3. The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction
- •18.4. The Prepositional Absolute Participial Construction
- •18.5. Absolute Constructions without a Participle
- •19. The Gerund and the Participle
- •Grammar in use
- •Grammar in use
- •1. Alcohol and you
- •Did you know?
- •Alcohol myths
- •2. A) Read the following news story and answer questions about it.
- •Women in aids frontline Main cause of death for women aged 20-40
- •Fun with grammar
- •1. Proverbs
- •2. Familiar Quotations
- •3. Limericks
- •4. Nursery Rhymes and Poems
- •5. Funny Stories
- •General revision
- •1. Find all the verbals in the following text, state their functions. Going on a Trip
- •2. Put the verbs in brackets into a correct form.
- •5. Use a participle, a gerund, or an infinitive, or a construction instead of the verbs given in brackets; underline them, name the non-finite form used and state its function.
- •6. Put in the correct forms. Tell the story to the class.
- •List of Grammar Books
- •398020 Г.Липецк, ул.Ленина, 42
A High Price
Senior citizen: One can’t help saying that old age is the least pleasant time of life.
Pert young woman: What would you give for being now as young as I am?
Senior citizen: Oh, a great deal, I’d put up with being as foolish as you are.
The Participle
14. Introduction
14.1. The participle is a non-finite form of the verb which has a verbal and an adjectival character.
There are two participles in English – Participle I and Participle II, traditionally called the Present Participle and the Past participle. These are not very suitable names: both participles can be used to talk about the past, present or future.
Participle I is built the same way as gerund – by adding the suffix –ing to the stem of the verb.
Who is the man talking to Elizabeth?
Participle II of regular verbs is formed by adding –ed, or –d to the stem; irregular verbs have special forms of Participle II.
opened broken
decided sung
14.2. The adjectival and adverbial character of the participle is seen in its syntactic functions of an attribute and an adverbial modifier.
I like the noise of falling rain.
She ran screaming out of the room.
Some participles have lost their verbal nature and become adjectives: interesting, charming, complicated, furnished, etc.
The verbal characteristics of the participle are as follows.
Participle I can take a direct object.
Having failed my medical exams, I took up teaching.
The participle can be modified by an adverb.
Knowing her pretty well, I realized that something was wrong.
The participle has tense and voice distinctions. Participle I has analytical forms.
15. Forms of the Participle
15.1. Participle I has the same forms as the gerund.
|
Active |
Passive |
Indefinite |
playing |
Being played |
Perfect |
having played |
Having been played |
Participle II has only one form, e.g. played.
15.2. a) Participle I Indefinite Active and Passive usually denotes an action simultaneous with that of the finite verb.
I heard you laughing.
We saw the snow being cleared away.
b) Participle I Perfect Active and Passive denotes an action prior to the action expressed by the finite verb.
Having waited an hour, the crowd were getting impatient.
Having been delayed for an hour, the concert started at 9.
c) Participle I Indefinite can denote a prior action when two short connected actions are close in time.
Opening the file, the detective took out a newspaper cutting.
Having filled/Filling his glass, Max took a long drink.
But when the first action is not short, the perfect form must be used.
They left the restaurant, having spent two hours over lunch.
5.3. a) Participle II can express both an action simultaneous with, or prior to, the action expressed by the finite verb. The latter meaning is more frequent.
Cut above the right eye, the boxer was unable to continue.
b) Participle II of transitive verbs has a passive meaning.
I stepped on some broken glass.
The terrorists used a stolen car. (= The car was stolen.)
c) A few intransitive verbs (usually denoting passing into a new state) can be used as attributes with active meanings.
a fallen leaf (= a leaf has fallen)
vanished civilizations faded colours
a retired general swollen ankles