9. Диремы с формальным подлежащим

1. It was pretty depressing out in the street, with a gusty wind throwing handfuls of light drizzle in your face.

2. Since they were aliens it was possible to make scapegoats of them when public indignation had to be allayed.

3. This, indeed, had been the line first laid down by Drummont and later endorsed by Maurras.

4. This makes it so easy to mistake the mob for the people, which also comprises all strata of society.

5. Consequently we have come to call a state "democratic" if its government is accountable to the people through competitive elections to public office.

6. We now know how precarious the position of the government was.

7. When you listen to the War Requiem it becomes clear why most West European artists are turning to medieval art for inspiration.

8. It is the time of the "White Nights" musical festival.

9. It would be a help if we had a system of advanced booking.

10. They all need an "enemy", and when the situation becomes dangerous their anxiety to find such an enemy increases.

11. They called it "mummy" and identified it as a substance which from ancient times had been known for its miraculous power to cure all diseases.

12. As soon as things became a little more difficult for the shadow eco­nomics, there appeared all sorts of social provocations.

13. If we imagine an ideal society, the best way to run it is to use differ­ent systems and methods of governing in different sectors. It would need both democracy and administrative control.

14. Today we are witnessing the emergence of another, alternative lit­erature.

15. The situation will change in the direction of common sense. We shall acquire the habits of greater tolerance and the readiness to carry out a re­spectful debate.

16. During the recent anniversary celebrations \ve missed our chance to reach a compromise. Not that we lack good examples in our own history: victorious Peter the Great set up a monument to Swedes fallen in the battle of Poltava.

17. All these facts prompt a simple answer: the country needs someone to run it with a rule of iron.

18. A column of thick smoke rose over the palace in the Quay d'Orsey: clerks were busy burning diplomatic archives.

19. Small wonder so many people write in their letters about "loss of faith" and "loss of ideals".

10. СУБЪЕКТ В ДИРЕМЕ СДВИГАЕТСЯ В КОНЕЦ ВЫСКАЗЫВАНИЯ

С ПОМОЩЬЮ ОБРАТНОГО ПОРЯДКА СЛОВ, КОНСТРУКЦИИ THERE IS, ПРИДАТОЧНОГО ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ ПОДЛЕЖАЩЕГО

1. In front of the map stood a little man wearing a fur-lined coat.

2. At the other end of the table stood two white-gloved waiters.

3. A few steps away are sun-scorched deserts.

4. Similar too was the outlook of the three hundred lesser clerics who immortalized themselves in "Henry Memorial".

5. Far more disastrous was another process which likewise began at this time.

6. Seemingly removed from all such factors, seemingly immune from all corruption, stood the army, a heritage from the Second Empire.

7. Besides the delegates to the Congress there were guests from abroad.

8. There could be no other approach to music that so powerfully deals with a theme vital to every human being.

9. There are at least some indications that France might be willing for the EEC to enter into special relations with Britain.

10. There emerged again a triumvirate called "collective leadership".

11. What was most surprising was that all those who worked in such an intimate relationship with the state machinery were newcomers.

12. What was new in this was not the monarchist trend but the fact that for the first time an important financial power set itself in opposition to the current regime.

13. What made France fall was the fact mat she had no more true Dreyfusards.

14. Out of the military defeat and economic collapse what had in fact emerged was a regime whose capacity for government had been doubtful from its inception.

Упражнение 8. Ознакомьтесь с нижеприведенной таблицей в течение 3-4 минут. Передайте ключевую инфомацию без опоры на текст.

Famous Bubbles

Bubble	Smart-money response	Authoritative Blessing	Political Reaction
Dutch Tulipmania (1630 – 1637) Holland	Selective breeding of tulips; Prosperity of Holland Development of trading	??	??
South Sea Bubble (1710-1720) England	Conversion of government debt; Monopoly on trade with Spanish-ruled parts of America Development of coffee-house network for speculation	Government approval; Royal involvement	Ex post facto punishing directors; restrictions on use of the corporate form
Mississippi Bubble (1717-1720) France	Rapidly growing trade with the New World; John Law plan to make money and acquire power by securitizing the French debt;	Government support Large expansion of credit by Law’s bank To support further purchases	Fall of John Law; Fall of efforts to reform French finances until 1787
British Railway Boom (1845-gradual decline) England	End of Depression Many new railroad projects	Government approval; Parliamentary bills passed for every railroad suggesting	Reform of accounting standards Requirements that dividends be paid only out of earnings, not out of capital.

Упражнение 9. Выполните перевод с листа

Sir Robert Walpole and South Sea Bubbles Recovery

"The South Sea Company”, founded in 1711 to trade in slaves, offered to take over a large part of the Debt which was followed by a great rise of the value of its shares. "The South sea bubble" burst up in 1720, collapsed like a pitched bubble and ruined many investors.

Robert Walpole was called to remedy the financial situation in the country. In 1717 one introduced "the sinking fund" to be used to paying off the Debt from the taxes. In 1721 he became the first Prime Minister and an outstanding statesman. The main objectives of his policy were peace and prosperity. His motto was "let the sleeping dogs lie". He had been in office for twenty years and stabilized the financial situation with the help of taxes imposed on goods sold within the country. The taxes on tea and coffee were a success, but the taxes on wine and tobacco aroused protests of his opponents and people in the country.

George II became king (1727-1760), he continued his father's policy and relied upon R. Walpole as Prime Minister. But the opponents from the Tones were attacking Walpole, especially the young talented politician W. Pitt (the Elder), - and much against his will, the Prime Minister was forced to start a war against Spain. But he didn't direct it properly in the opinion of his Parliamentary critics, and had to resign. But he continued to have an influence on George II. Sir Robert Walpole became a very rich man, had a rich collection of paintings which was sold by his grandson to Catherine the Great of Russia.

Упражнение 10. Article

Percents and sensibility

From The Economist print edition. Mary Evans

What did early 19th-century literary characters live on?

1.“TEN thousand a year, and very likely more! 'Tis as good as a lord.” Mrs Bennet's reaction to her daughter Elizabeth's engagement to Mr Darcy is telling. “Pride and Prejudice”, like all of Jane Austen's books, is about sex and money. But Miss Austen's emphasis on each is different from that of today's chick-litterateurs. Her characters never touch, let alone kiss. And their wealth and income are at least as important in the calculus of courtship as personal tastes and sex appeal.

2.As the daughter of a clergyman, who spent her later years living on the generosity of relatives, Miss Austen knew all too well that wealth was the only real source of security. Miss Austen was neither mercenary nor a snob. She was a daughter of her times. At the turn of the 19th century, wealth merited much discussion. Landed wealth, which dominated the 18th century, was being supplanted by monied wealth, which came to dominate the 19th. Between 1796, when Miss Austen began “Pride and Prejudice”, and 1817, when she died while writing “Sanditon”, land and money (or “funds” as Miss Austen's peers called their investments) stood in rough and uncomfortable equality.

3.Where did that wealth come from? The answer lies in the combination of Britain's growing commercial riches and its government's continuing poverty. There was really only one kind of investment from the South Sea Bubble of 1720 to the railway boom of the 1840s: government debt. British government debt was the only security traded on the Stock Exchange at its foundation in 1801, and remained so until 1822. Thanks to luck and skill, the government managed to finance a century's worth of horrendously expensive wars in a way that not only did not cripple commerce but mobilised commercial resources for new challenges.

4.The key piece of skill was the mechanism of “funding” that secured interest payments. When William and Mary re-established the Protestant monarchy in 1688, Parliament wanted both to shore up the royal finances and establish its control over them. Funded borrowing did both. Parliament passed taxes sufficient to pay interest on a certain amount of debt—just over £1m in the first instance—then tacked on a bit more tax to pay down the principal gradually. The monarch could borrow against this “funded” amount fairly easily, but found it hard to borrow more, which gave British debt unparalleled stability. In 1715-70 France reneged on the terms of its debt five times; Britain never missed an interest payment.

5.The big piece of luck was the South Sea Bubble. In order to issue debt more cheaply, the government hit upon the wheeze of tying debt issues to the grant of trading privileges, which cost it nothing but persuaded investors to part with their money at a lower rate of interest. In 1693 the going rate on government debt was 14%. In 1698 the East India Company was prevailed upon to lend £2m at a rate of 8% in return for an extension of trading privileges. This understandably appealed to ministers. In 1711, the government raised a further £10m from the South Sea Company in return for exclusive trading rights to Spanish South America. Finally, in 1719, the South Sea Company proposed to take over the finance of the entire national debt. The government agreed.

6.Fortunately for posterity, the directors of the South Sea Company were greedy and incompetent. They promptly began talking up the price of their shares with inflated estimates of the value of their trading and financing rights, which helped to fuel a dotcom-style speculative bubble. After the bust, the government went off the idea of entrusting its finances to a single company. So it set about devising securities that could sell into a broader market.Clearly, the financial markets of Jane Austen's time were not sophisticated. But they were robust. There were no alternatives to easily tradeable, interest-bearing securities, and lots of people wanted them. Merchants put spare cash into the funds, which, as they would not otherwise have earned interest on the money, boosted their profits and competitiveness. Some landowners traded back and forth between funds and land in search of better returns. Others saw the funds as a new way to maintain their wealth without farming.

7.From a speculator's point of view, this was a lively market. The fact that early bonds had no fixed maturity date ensured that any change in interest rate was fully reflected in the capital value of the bond. Rates, in turn, fluctuated in response to foreign affairs in general and military ones in particular. When the British won a battle, investors anticipated the day that the government would stop issuing new bonds and turn to buying old ones via the sinking fund. Rates fell and values rose. When British forces lost, investors anticipated new issues coming to market, and the opposite happened. Compounding these movements were poor communications: nobody really knew what was going on in the wars.

(………)

8.While trading in the coffee houses was open to all, a booming industry of brokers and bankers arose to serve those who did not wish to brave the hubbub in person. Jane Austen's favourite brother, Henry, started his own bank, though after it failed he reverted to the family business and became a clergyman. In 1801, the Stock Exchange was founded as a members-only institution intended to bring some order to the markets—and in particular to ban from membership those who reneged on their deals.By the end of the Napoleonic wars in 1815, the debts of the British government reached £745m. But instead of calamity and national bankruptcy, the rise in debt simply brought a hunger for more investments. As the government itself stopped issuing new bonds, and started retiring old ones through the sinking fund, investors turned first to foreign-government securities in the 1820s and then to shares in the new, capital-intensive companies, such as railroads, leading the industrialisation of the 19th century. The growth of new markets has supported a cornucopia of prosperity ever since. Still, one shortage noted by Jane Austen in “Mansfield Park” arguably remains: “there certainly are not so many men of large fortune in the world, as there are pretty women to deserve them.

UNIT 5

Упражнение 1. Memory exercises

I.Скороговорки

1.Сделан коплак не по-колпаковски, сделан колокол не по-колоколовски.

Надо колпак перколпаковать, перевыколпаковать.

Надо колокол переколоколовать, перевыколоколовать.

2.If coloured caterpillars could change their colours constantly could they keep their coloured coat coloured properly?

3.Повар Пётр и повар Павел,Пётр пёк, а Павел парил,

Парил Павел, Пётр пёк, Повар Пётр и повар Павел.

4.Sally sells sea shells by the sea shore. But if Sally sells sea shells by the sea shore then where are the sea shells Sally sells?

5.Была у Фрола, на Лавра Фролу наврала. Пойду ко Лавру, на Фрола Лавру навру.

6.Terry Teeter, a teeter-totter teacher, taught her daughter Tara to teeter-totter, but Tara Teeter didn't teeter-totter as Terry Teeter taught her to.

II. Повтор и перевод текста с прецизионной информацией

Ten worst paid job categories

1. Waiters and waitresses. £11,930 2. Bar staff. Average annual salary: £11,930 3. Kitchen and catering assistants: £12,410 Job titles include: Canteen assistant, catering assistant, counterhand, dining room assistant, kitchen assistant, kitchen porter, washer-up. 4. Travel and tour guides: £12,561 Job titles include: Coach guide, courier for tour operator, escort, guide 5. Launderers, dry cleaners, pressers: £12,657 Job titles include: Carpet cleaner, dry cleaner, garment presser, laundry worker. 6.Retail cashiers and check-out operators: £12,736 Job titles include: Cashier, check-out operator, forecourt attendant, petrol pump attendant, restaurant cashier.

7. Leisure and theme park attendants: £12,767 Job titles include: Arcade attendant, fairground worker, funfair attendant, usher/usherette. 8. Hairdressers and related occupations Average annual salary: £13,194 Job titles include: Barber, beautician, hairdresser, make-up artist, manicurist, slimming consultant, barber. 9. Cleaners, domestics: £13,807 Job titles include: Car valeter, chambermaid, cleaner, domestic cleaner. 10. Nursery Nurses: £13,872 Job titles include: Creche assistant, nursery assistant, nursery nurse