8. Дирема, подлежащее — фактическое обстоятельство,

ОБЪЕКТ ИЛИ ПРИЗНАК СУБЪЕКТА. В РУССКОМ ВЫСКАЗЫВАНИИ

ИСПОЛЬЗУЕТСЯ НЕ ОБРАТНЫЙ, А ПРЯМОЙ ПОРЯДОК СЛОВ

1. Excitement made the sergeant's voice almost unrecognizable.

2. His belligerent manners caused him to lose one friend after another.

3. Glasnost enabled writers to find freedom of expression in their pub­lished books.

4. Abstract impressionism had already placed American artists at the forefront of international art.

5. Lack of spacious studio caused Lisitsky to engage primarily in graphic arts.

6. Yet economic independence for individual republics was viewed by Shatalin as a very dim perspective.

7. Another priority job was to create a normal environment for small businesses, sais Shatalin, and he stated his belief that they were one of the main driving forces in the economy.

8. No doubt the foreign reader finds it amusing and exotic.

9. Sweden and Japan, the leaders in robotization, had long had lower un­employment levels than other Western countries.

10. Sunrise found me alighting from the train at a small station called Yasenki, about four miles from Tolstoy's home.

UNIT 4

Упражнение 1. Прочтите цитату. Переведите на русский язык и затем опять на английский уже без опоры на текст.

1. “A bank is a place where they lend you an umbrella in fair weather and ask for it back when it begins to rain.” (Robert Frost)

2. “Before you speak, listen. Before you write, think. Before you spend, earn. Before you invest, investigate. Before you criticize, wait. Before you pray, forgive. Before you quit, try. Before you retire, save. Before you die, give.”( William A. Ward)

3. “He that goes a borrowing goes a sorrowing.” (Benjamin Franklin)

4. “A penny saved is a penny earned.” (Benjamin Franklin)

5. “If money be not thy servant, it will be thy master. The covetous man cannot so properly be said to possess wealth, as that may be said to possess him” (Francis Bacon)

6. “If money is your hope for independence you will never have it. The only real security that a man will have in this world is a reserve of knowledge, experience, and ability.” (Henry Ford)

7. “It's not the employer who pays the wages. Employers only handle the money. It's the customer who pays the wages.” (Henry Ford)

8. “Can anybody remember when the times were not hard and money not scarce?” (Ralph Waldo Emerson)

9. “Get place and wealth, if possible, with grace; If not, by any means get wealth and place.” (Alexander Pope)

Упражнение 2. Прочтите текст. Передайте на английском языке ключевую информацию каждого абзаца.

Economy of Russia

Rank
Currency	Russian ruble (RUB)
Labour force	75.81 million
Export goods	petroleum and petroleum products, natural gas, wood and wood products, metals, chemicals, and a wide variety of civilian and military manufactures ( )
Import goods	vehicles, machinery and equipment, plastics, medicines, iron and steel, consumer goods, meat, fruits and nuts, semifinished metal products ( )

1.The economy of Russia is the twelfth largest economy in the world by nominal value and the sixth largest by purchasing power parity (PPP). Russia comprises roughly three-quarters of the territory of the former Soviet Union. Russia has an abundance of natural gas oil, coal, and precious metals. It is also rich in agriculture. Oil and gas exports continue to be the main source of hard currency. Russia is a leading producer and exporter of minerals, gold, and all major fuels.

2.Russia has undergone significant changes since the collapse of the Soviet Union, moving from a centrally-planned economy to a more market-based and globally-integrated economy. Economic reforms in the 1990s privatized most industry, with notable exceptions in the energy and defense-related sectors. Nonetheless, the rapid privatization process, including a much criticized "loans-for-shares" scheme that turned over major state-owned firms to politically-connected "oligarchs", has left equity ownership highly concentrated.

3.The protection of property rights is still weak and the private sector remains subject to heavy state interference. Russia was one of the hardest hit during the global financial crisis, since it already has an economy dependant on high oil prices. The Russian economy is still commodity-driven despite its growth. Payments from the fuel and energy sector in the form of customs duties and taxes accounted for nearly half of the federal budget's revenues.

4.The mineral-packed Ural Mountains and the vast oil, gas, coal, and timber reserves of Siberia and the Russian Far East make Russia rich in natural resources. However, most such resources are located in remote and climatically unfavorable areas that are difficult to develop and far from Russian ports. The Russian fishing industry is the world's fourth-largest, behind Japan, the United States, and China.

5.Russian agriculture begun to show signs of improvement due to organizational and technological modernization. Northern areas concentrate mainly on livestock, and the southern parts and western Siberia produce grain. Restructuring of former state farms has been an extremely slow process. Private farms and garden plots of individuals account for over one-half of all agricultural production. There is also a growing gap between rich and poor in Russia. The incomes of the rich grew from approximately 14 times to 17 times larger than the incomes of the poor.

Types of legal entities in Russia

• IP (Индивидуальный предприниматель) - Russian "Individual entrepreneur"

• OOO (Общество с ограниченной ответственностью, ООО) - Russian "Limited liability company"

• ZAO (Закрытое акционерное общество, ЗАО) - Russian "Private joint-stock company"

• OAO (Открытое акционерное общество, ОАО) - Russian "Public joint-stock company"

• ANO (Автономная некоммерческая организация, АНО) - Russian "Autonomous non-profit organization"

• GP or GUP (Государственное унитарное предприятие, ГП or ГУП) - Russian "Unitary state enterprise"

• PK (Производственный кооператив, ПK) - Russian "Production Cooperative"

Упражнение 3. Переведите следующие словосочетания с максимально возможной скоростью

1A. Current account – положительное сальдо – consumption tax – повыситься на 2% – interest rate – слияние – to salvage from failure – согласованное предложение – domestic demand – фондовая биржа – to tighten credit – контролировать инфляцию – come up with a loan deal – подорванная/рухнувшая экономика - merchant bank – меньшая доля участия в капитале – American depository receipt – добиться большей огласки – be paying off – контролирующий банк – bid high price for smth - крупный акционер – to pay off a mortgage – прибыль до уплаты налогов – stake in – начать, ворваться – to revive a tad/a bit – из грязи в князи

1B. Текущий баланс – surplus – налог на потребление – soar (up) by 2 % – процентные ставки- merger - спасти от краха – agreed bid – внутренний спрос – stock market – ужесточить условия выдачи кредита – to keep the inflation in check/ to subdue the inflation – предложить ссуду –wrecked economy - коммерческий банк – minority stake – американская депозитарная расписка (ADR) – to raise a profile – окупиться/принести выгоду – parent bank – предлагать хорошую сумму/ участвовать в торгах - principal shareholder – выкупить закладную (ипотеку) – pre-tax profits – доля участия в деле – kick in – немного улучшиться – rags-to-riches

_________________________________________________________________________________

Упражнение 4. Выполните перевод с листа

Business Non-Stop — 1 (А.П.Чужакин. МИР ПЕРЕВОДА-3,2005, стр 78 – 94)

1. Japan's current-account surplus soared by 56% to ¥1.02 trillion ($8.91 billion), as exports continued to grow while domestic demand was weak. Over the first six months, the surplus rose by 40%, to ¥5.05 trillion, bringing the surplus close to 2.5% of GDP. The Tokyo stockmarket had its biggest one-day fall this year on worries about the state of the economy. The IMF urged Japan to tighten credit as soon as the adverse effects of April's increase in consumption tax have faded.

2.The Bundesbank gave warning in its monthly report that it would be prepared to raise interest rates in order to keep inflation in check. But it left the repo rate unchanged at 3% for another week.

* * * Inflation in America remains subdued. Consumer prices rose by 2.2% the year to July, down on June's figure. * * * The IMF and, in a show of solidarity, a range of Asian countries led by Japan, came up with a $16 billion loan deal to help Thailand salvage its wrecked economy.

3. India picked six merchant banks to lead-manage the sale of minority stakes, likely to total more than $1 billion, in two public firms. Coordinating the issue of global depositary receipts by Gas Authority of India, the country's main natural-gas supplier, will be BZW, Morgan Stanley and Robert Fleming/Jardine Fleming. Goldman Sachs, HSBS and Merrill Lynch will handle the issue of Mahanager Telephone Nigam, which controls local calls in Delhi.

4. Credit Suisse Group, Switzerland's biggest bank, made an agreed bid of SFr 14.3 billion ($9.4 billion) for Winterthur Group, one of Switzerland's biggest insurers. Behind the "merger," as both sides see it, is the hope of raising the profile of bank assurance — the selling of insurance through bank branches — in the country. Martin Ebner, whose belief in shareholder activism famously made him a thorn in the side of UBS, recently became Winterthur's biggest shareholder, but the two groups say the merger is not a defensive move.

5. Swiss Bank Corporation's purchase of S.G.Warburg seems to be paying off. The formerly British merchant bank contributed the bulk of its parent's first-half profits for the first time, for overall (total) earnings of SFr l.33 billion ($924 m), an 84% increase. * * * General Dynamics, maker of the Abrams tank and warships, bid $1 billion for United Defense. If the offer succeeds America will be left with only one major manufacturer of armoured vehicles (tanks).

6. Problems at ВНР, Australia's largest company and the world's second-largest copper producer, came to a head. The boss of its Petroleum unit quit — the third top executive to leave — and the share price plunged. * * * Wayne Huizenga's acquisitive Republic Industries, which has grabbed several American car-hire businesses recently, is heading for Europe withan agreement to buy EuroDollar, which operates mainly in Britain, for £ 95m($150m). In London, EuroDollar's share price rose 60%.

7. Pre-tax profits at Incentive, controlled by the Wallenberg family, rose to €11.7 billion in the first half compared with €2 billion a year earlier as income from several sales — notably half its stake in ABB engineering - kicked in. Incentive has shifted attention from investment to medical technology and health care; now it is to spin off (get rid of) Munters maker of equipment to control air humidity that has annual sales of €2 billion. Shares in Incentive jumped.

8.Shares in Reader's Digest Association, which have almost halved this year, revived a tad after the chairman and chief executive, James Schadt, quit. The company has failed to attract younger readers to its monthly magazine. * * *Nicky Oppenheimer, a cricket-loving scion (heir) of the family behind De Beers, became chairman of the diamond firm in place of Ogilvie Thompson. De Beers announced disappointing interim results at the same time.

9. In the latest attack on those involved in the film industry scandal, India's rags-to-riches music baron, 41-year old Gulshan Kumar, was shot dead outside a temple, prompting the prime minister to praise his contribution to the film-music business. * * * For the first time in a 12-month period, more than 100m passengers were handled by seven British airports. A record 10.2 m passengers passed through their doors in July despite the strike at British Airways which reduced airport traffic by about 2% in the month.

Упражнение 5. Выполните перевод с листа с опорой на текст

Two-way Interpreting ( Dialogue and Liason Translation ) (А.П.Чужакин. Мир перевода -3. 2005,Стр. 121- 135)

Интервью с директором-распорядителем МВФ

Q: Положение в экономике Японии, считавшееся ранее весьма благополучным, по-прежнему далеко от идеала. Могут ли проблемы, с которыми сейчас сталкивается эта страна, привести к глобальному спаду?

A: We are fortunate to have this very long slowdown of the Japanese economy at a time the American economy is very strong and the European economies are recovering. I do not believe Japan at this stage can bring the world into a recession.

Q: Кризис в Азии сам по себе продолжался несколько дней — однако они потрясли весь мир. Когда, по вашему мнению, он окончательно завершится? Могли бы вы назвать примерные сроки?

A: It could be over soon... (in) two years. Just like the Mexican crisis will be a bad memory and it will have served the need for promoting change and reform... The Mexican crisis has been a blessing in disguise for Mexico, because Mexico has been extremely active in correcting the deficiencies the crisis put in evidence. If Asia is able to do the same thing and Japan is able to reform itself enough, the world economy would be stronger after this crisis.

Q: 1998 год начался с новой беды — упали мировые цены, энергоносители. Как вы оцениваете недавнее резкое ухудшение конъюнктуры на нефть и газ на мировом рынке? Каковы, на ваш взгляд, последствия такой ситуации?

A: These developments in the oil market are possibly good news for the consumers, including the US, which is more a consumer than a producer, but not for all the countries for which oil is a key commodity including your close neighbor, Mexico.

We have not yet made a judgment on the nature of this trend... But we know enough about the magnitude of the phenomenon and the trend to be speaking to all our members who are oil producers to tell them, "Be careful."

I have traveled to Venezuela to tell them, "Look, you are vulnerable. Don't be the place through which the virus of the Asian crisis will penetrate Latin America..." Venezuela will take several steps to adapt their economy to this new situation.

Упражнение 6. Выполните подготовленный перевод с листа ( Мешков-Лэмберт)

«ЗАКРЫТЫЕ» ГОРОДА ВЫХОДЯТ НА ОТКРЫТЫЙ РЫНОК 1.Предприятия «закрытых» городов, ранее выпускавшие космические системы и компоненты различных видов оружия массового уничтожения, постепенно пере­страиваются на производство мирной про­дукции в поисках ниши на рынках. При этом лучше всего дела идут у заводов, об­ладающих высокими технологиями. По словам представителей городов с некогда экзотическими названиями Красноярск-26, Пенза-19 и Свердловск-44, боль­ше всего повезло предприятиям, произво­дившим технику, которая может приго­диться самым широким слоям населения. Переводческие решения 1. ... больше всего повезло предприятиям ... 2. ... самые широкие слои населения ... 2. «До начала конверсии мы занимались различными спутниками связи,—расска­зывает Геннадий Назаров, заместитель ге­нерального директора Научно-производ­ственного объединения "Прикладная ме­ханика", производящего телевизионное оборудование.—Поэтому, когда пришлось искать новые источники финансирова­ния, сразу же решили заниматься знако­мым делом». -.Тем более, что по словам г-на Назарова, о работе для гражданских потребителей на предприятии думали и раньше. Наибольший интерес у оборон­щиков вызывали, в частности, станции спутникового телевидения. Однако руко­водство отраслью в те времена опасалось нарушить закрытый статус города. Переводческие решения ... решили заниматься знакомым делом ... ... опасалось нарушить ... 3. Когда стало ясно, что на спутниках становится все труднее заработать, сот­рудники НПО уже знали, чем заняться. Правда, продукция была очень доро­гой—военное ведомство обычно мало вни­мания уделяло себестоимости продукции. И при заказе, к примеру, спутника связи стоимостью в несколько миллионов дол­ларов цена какой-нибудь антенны не име­ла никакого значения. Однако предприя­тию все-таки удалось найти свою нишу на рынке. По словам г-на Назарова, от про­изводства спутникового оборудования удалось достаточно быстро перейти к созданию систем спутникового телевиде­ния, необходимых в отдаленных районах Севера, Сибири и дальнего Востока. При­мечательно, что основная доля деталей для телевизионного оборудования раньше была отечественного производства. Но по­степенно качество российских деталей стало снижаться, а цены—расти. Переводческие решения ... стоимостью в несколько миллионов долларов ... ... не имела никакого значения ... ... основная доля деталей ...

«CLOSED» CITIES ENTER THE OPEN MARKET Those firms in the «closed» cities which previously produced systems for space technology and components for weapons of mass-destruction are gradually switching to peaceful production and try­ing to find their own niches in the mar­ket. The most successful are the factories possessing sophisticated production tech­niques, according to officials of those cit­ies, which previously bore such exotic names as Krasnoyarsk-26, Penza-19, and Sverdlovsk-44, the luckiest are the firms which made equipment useful to the wid­est sections of the public. Translator's Decisions 1. ... the luckiest are the firms ... the widest sections of the public ... «Before converting we had been mak­ing various communication satellites», said Genadiy Nazarov, Deputy Directer General of the Reeearch Production Asso­ciation «Applied Mechanics» which is pro­ducing TV equipment. This is why, when we had to try to find new sources of fi­nance, we immediately decided to involve ourselves with what already was familiar to us. According to Mr.Nazarov, the staff had even some time ago thought about the civilian consumer market. In particular, defence workers showed most interest in satellite TV stations. However, at that time the defence industry was cautious not to violate the secret status of the town. Translator's Decisions ... decided to involve ourselves with what already was familiar to us ... ... was cautious not to violate ... 3. When it became clear that it was in­creasingly difficult to make profit from satellites, the'PRA staff knew what to do. True, its products were expensive: the De­fence Ministry usually paid little attention to cost. When ordering, for example, a communications satellite worth several million dollars, the cost of, say, an an­tenna was of no importance. Nevertheless, they succeeded in finding a niche in the market. In Mr.Nazarov's words, they man­aged to shift rather quickly from manu­facturing satellite equipment to making satellite TV systems such as are necessary in remote regions of the North, Siberia and the Far East. Although the bulk of parts for television equipment had always been made in Russia, the quality now be­ gan to deteriorate gradually whilst the price increased Translator's Decision ... worth several million dollars ... ... was of no importance ... ... the bulk of parts ...

4.В итоге во всей аппаратуре спутнико­вого телевидения российского происхож­дения осталась только «тарелка»,—при­знается представитель НПО «Прикладная механика». Однако, по его словам, именно отечественные «оборонно-космические* технологии позволили предприятию со­здать так называемые фильтры сложе­ния. Они дают возможность с помощью уже существующих кабелей и ретрансля­торов создавать дополнительные телеви­зионные каналы. Экономятся огромные деньги, которые не нужно вкладывать в создание с «нуля» новых вещательных мощностей. По сравнению с закрытыми предприятиями, специализация которых в какой-то мере близка гражданскому сек­тору экономики, несколько сложнее приходится организациям, производившим более специфическую продукцию. Напри­мер, атомную бомбу. Переводческие решения ... экономятся огромные деньги ... ... создание «с нуля» новых вещательных мощностей ... ... специализация которых в какой-то мере близка к гражданскому сектору ...

«As a result, only the plate has sur­vived of all the Russian TV satellite equipment», admits an official of the Ap­plied Mechanics RPA. But he also said that it is the domestic defence and space technologies that have allowed them to de­sign what are known as «combined fil­ters». These enable extra TV channels to bе created using the existing cables and relays. This saves a lot of money; there is no need to invest in creating totally new broadcasting capacities. Compared to some «secret» firms, whose specialization rather closely resembles the needs of the civilian sector, certain organizations which made more specific products, like an A-bomb, now find themselves in a more difficult position. Translator's Decisions ... this saves a lot of money ... ... creating totally new broadcasting capacity ... ... whose specialization rather closely resembles the needs of the civilian sector ...

Упражнение 7. (Е.В. Бреус. Теория и практика перевода с английского на русский)