Конкретизация

1. It's sweet for you to see my patients go wrong and yours recover.

2. The painting was called 'Napoleon on his mount visiting the plague stricken in the streets of Jaffa'.

Генерализация

3. He was a thin, stoop-shouldered man not much under six feet tall.

4. At this moment O'Brien glanced at his wrist-watch.

Смысловое развитие

5. The Liverpool by-election was an acid test for the Labour candidate.

6. At last he found his voice.

7. "I don't think she's living here at the moment. Her bed wasn't slept in”.

Антонимический перевод

8. The woman at the other end asked him to hang on.

9. I don't dislike you, Mr. Mont, but Fleur is everything to me.

10. Shut the window to keep cold air out.

Целостное переосмысление

11. Here's to you.

12. Hear, hear!

13. Bother!

Упражнение 3

Переведите следующие предложения, используя различные лексические трансформации.

1. But Michael rose from his chair. “Now, darling, I’m ready for you”.

2. The jet airliner carried 78 passengers and 4 crew.

3. He watched the young man out of the room.

4. The hungry man wolfed it down.

5. America has been spared the horrors of modern war on its own territory.

6. He had an old mother whom he never disobeyed.

7. My feelings then would have been even stronger had I known that Karl Stock was to be burnt in the incinerators of Majdanek.

8. Soames, with his set lips and his square chin, was not unlike a bulldog.

9. We were always naked, day and night, whenever the mosquitoes would let us.

	Особенности перевода с листа (sight translation)

Специфика: обычно переводят незнакомый текст, иногда предоставляется время на ознакомление с ним. Затем текст переводится вслух, четко, громко и в хорошем темпе.

Факторы-минус:

• сочетание трудностей устного и письменного перевода;

• необходимость сохранять ритм и равномерный темп говорения, избегая лишних пауз, повторов и исправлений, а также «эканья» и «мычания»;

• необходимость обеспечить повышенную скорость чтения;

• необходимость членить текст или объединять фразы на такие отрезки, которые могут быть успешно переведены, а также лучше восприняты на слух.

Факторы-плюс:

• отсутствие проблем восприятия на слух;

• возможность получить несколько мгновений для подготовки;

• наличие зрительной опоры, позволяющей воспринимать следующий отрезок оригинала, самостоятельно определяя его величину;

• зрительное восприятие прецизионной информации (см. Unit V), значительно облегчающее перевод;

• возможность самостоятельно определять тип перевода;

• отсутствие нагрузки или перегрузки оперативной памяти.

	Особенности перевода кратких информационных сообщений

Информационное сообщение – это обычно краткий текст, содержащий общезначимую новую информацию из области политики, культуры, искусства, общественной жизни, спорта.

Основные характеристики:

1. Все они без исключения выдержаны в рамках литературной нормы. Просторечие, жаргон, высокий стиль в них недопустимы.

2. Информация в них оформлена как объективная, яркие эмоционально-оценочные средства встречаются редко, хотя скрытая оценочность, отражающая позицию источника (особенно если это политическое сообщение), в них присутствует. Следовательно, при переводе предпочтительны лексика с нейтральной оценочностью и нейтральный порядок слов.

3. Преобладают общеизвестные термины, знакомые большинству носителей языка. Исключения не составляют такие специальные сообщения, как новости спорта и сводки погоды.

4. По своему коммуникативному заданию информационные тексты предназначены прежде всего для передачи когнитивной информации, поэтому, применяя прием речевой компрессии, переводчик должен соблюдать максимальную осторожность при попытке отбросить часть информации как второстепенную. Ведь в информационном сообщении важны бывают именно детали, частности, и тут любое сокращение становится опасным. Важны все даты, имена, географические названия, цифровые данные.

Упражнение 4

Переведите на русский язык с листа следующие краткие информационные сообщения.

Painting Elephants Get Online Gallery

June 26, 2002 – Paintings done by elephants have been sold at the elite auction houses such as Christie's and shown in museums and galleries around the world. Now the rising stars in the elephant art world have their own dedicated art gallery on the Internet.

Two New Primate Species Discovered

June 24, 2002 – Two new primates – house-cat-size, exotically sideburned Titi monkeys of the genus Callicebus – have been discovered in the vast rain forests of Central and South Central Amazonia. The new species not only enhance our understanding of primates but also indicate that Amazonia is brimming with flora and fauna yet to be discovered.

Bald Eagle Bounces Back after Decades of Persecution

June 20, 2002 – Shot, trapped, and poisoned for many decades, America's national bird was almost exterminated in the lower 48 states by 1963. Today, thanks to strong protection and public awareness, the bald eagle is again breeding in all but two states. But it remains threatened and its situation needs vigilance.

Human Noise May Disturb Whales' "Love Songs"

June 19, 2002 – Researchers tracked down bellowing bassist fin whales in the Sea of Cortez, and concluded that the songs were breeding displays to "serenade" females because all the singers were male. The finding raises concerns that rising levels of ocean noise caused by commercial vessels and military sonar could interfere with these communications.

Desert-Adapted Crocs Found in Africa

June 18, 2002 – Scientists are astonished by the discovery of small communities of crocodiles living on the southern edge of Africa's Sahara in caves, burrows, and under rocks near ephemeral wetlands. Research is underway to find out more about these unusual desert dwellers, which the local people revere.

www.nationalgeographic.com

genus - род

vigilance – бдительность

sonar – гидролокатор

burrow – нора

wetland – заболоченная территория

Упражнение 5

Выполните письменный перевод отрывка из повести Дж.Даррелла «Поместье-зверинец». В каких лексических трансформациях возникла необходимость?

Menagerie Manor

By Gerald Durrell

Still another creature that gave us a certain amount of trouble in the early stages was Millicent, the Malabar squirrel.

At first, Millicent was anything but tame, and would not hesitate to bury her teeth in your finger, should you be foolish enough to give her a chance. We came to the conclusion that she was just one of those animals which never become tame. But then a peculiar thing happened: Millicent was found one day lying in the bottom of her cage in a state of collapse. She had no obvious symptoms, and it was a little difficult to tell exactly what was wrong with her. When I find an animal suffering from some mysterious complaint like this, I do two things: I give it an antibiotic and keep it very warm. So Millicent had an injection and was moved down to the Reptile House, for this is the only place where the heat is kept on throughout the summer months.

Within a few days Millicent was recovering satisfactorily, but was still languid. The extraordinary fact was the change in her character. From being acutely anti-human, she had suddenly become so pro-Homo Sapiens that is was almost embarrassing. You had only to open her cage door and she would rush out onto your arms, nibbling your fingers gently and peering earnestly into your face, her long whiskers quivering with emotion. She liked nothing better than to lie along your arm, as though it were the branch of a tree, and in this position doze for hours if you let her.

Since she was now such a reformed character, she was allowed out of her cage first thing each morning, to potter around the Reptile House. Millicent very soon discovered that the tortoise pen provided her with everything a self-respecting Malabar could want: there was an infra-red lamp that cast a pleasant, concentrated heat; there were the backs of the giant tortoises which made ideal perches; and there was an abundance of fruit and vegetables. So the giant tortoises would move ponderously round their pen, while Millicent perched on their shells.

Unit III