I. Use the verbs in brackets in the right tense form.

1. You (to see) the new pictures by Shilov? Yes. How you (to like) it? I like it very much.

2. You ever (to be) to Paris? Yes, I (to go) there last winter.

3. Is father at home? No he (not to come) yet.

4. I just (to finish) work and (to read a book now).

5. Where is your son? He (not to come) home from school yet. I think he still (to play) football.

6. When your children (to come) back to town? They (not to come) back yet.

7. You (to do the translation) already? You only to begin it 20 minutes ago.

8. You (to finish) it an hour ago.

9. I just (to have) breakfast, and (to read) the paper. I (to answer). You (to get up) sp late? He (to say) and (to ask) me to go to his place at once.

10. When you (to come) to Moscow? A week ago.

II. Use Present Perfect or Past Indefinite.

1. I (to have) my breakfast. I am not hungry.

2. He (to have) his breakfast an hour ago.

3. The Smiths (to invite) us to dinner last Saturday.

4. They (to invite) many guests to their Christmas party.

5. We (to buy) a lot of things, put them into the fridge.

6. We (to go) shopping yesterday and (to buy) a lot of things.

7. She (to be) to London a lot of times.

8. She (to be) in London last month.

9. I never (to taste) Indian food.

10. I (to taste) Indian food when we were at the restaurant.

11. They (not to write) to us since they moved to a new flat.

12. When they (to write) to us last?

13. How long you learn English?

14. I (to learn) English long ago.

Vocabulary and Speech Exercises

1. Match the word and its definition.

Govern	to collide with a loud noise, to come into conflict
Amendment	relating to courts of law
Dispute	relating to law
Legislative	An addition to, revision
Executive	adj relating to a person or group having administrative or managerial authority in an organization; n the chief officer of a government, state, or political division
Judicial	buying and selling of goods
Clash	to make and administer public policy and affairs
Commerce	to argue about, debate

Scan the text and answer the questions.

The pentagon papers

In many nations prior restraint – censorship of information before it is published – is a common way for government to control information and limit freedom. In the United States, however, the Supreme Court has ruled that the press may be censored in advance only in cases relating directly to national security. The following Supreme Court decision illustrates this principle.

In The Pentagon Papers Case the Supreme Court reaffirmed its position. In 1971 a Pentagon employee leaked to The New York Times a secret government report outlining the history of United States involvement in the Vietnam War. This report, which became known as the Pentagon Papers, contained hundreds of government documents, many of them secret cables, memos, and plans.

Realizing that the Pentagon Papers showed that former government officials had lied to the American people about the war, The New York Times began to publish parts of the report. The government tried to stop further publication of the papers, arguing that national security would be endangered and that the documents had been stolen from the Defense Department.

A divided Court rejected the government`s claims. The Court ruled that stopping publication would be prior restraint. Writing on behalf of the majority, Justice William Douglas noted that “the dominant purpose of the First Amendment to the Constitution declaring the freedom of the press was to prohibit the widespread practice of governmental suppression of embarrassing information.” He added: “The press was protected so that it could bare the secrets of government and inform the people… The press is to serve the governed and not the governors.”

Notes:

prior restraint – предварительное ограничение (на публикацию документов);

censorship, to censor – цензура, подвергать цензуре;

to rule – постановлять;

case – судебное дело, случай;

to reaffirm – вновь подтвердить, закрепить;

to leak – зд. предоставить информацию, организовать утечку информации;

involvement – зд. – участие;

cable – телеграмма;

memo – разг. сокр. от «memorandum» - докладная записка, справка;

to be endangered – подвергаться опасности;

Defense Department – Министерство Обороны;

to reject a claim – отклонить иск;

Justice – Судья (в Верховном Суде США);

suppression – сокрытие, утаивание (информации);

embarrassing – зд. – компрометирующая информация;

to bare – открывать, раскрывать.

1. Is prior restraint a common way for government to control information?

2. Is there censorship of information in the US?

3. What event in American history is the Pentagon Papers Case related to?

4. Why did the government try to stop further publication of the papers?

5. Why did the Court reject the government`s claims?

6. Whose interests do you think the press should serve in a democratic society?

7. Was William Douglas a Supreme Court Justice or a Pentagon employee?

8. The Supreme Court rejected the government`s claims, didn`t it?

9. Who began to publish parts of the report?