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Dialogue

A: Do you know anything about the USA?

B: And what interests you?

A: For example, how many states does the USA consist of?

B: So far as I know, the USA includes 50 states and the District of Columbia.

A: How does the US national flag look like and what does it represent?

B: The US national flag – Stars and Stripes – is red, white and blue. 13 stripes represent the original 13 states of the USA: the 50 stars represent the current number of states of the US.

A: Could you name the main political parties of the USA?

B: There are two main parties of the US: the Democratic Party and the Republican Party of the US.

A: Is the USA a constitutional monarchy or a presidential republic?

B: I know for certain, the US is a presidential republic.

A: What state body is the Congress?

B: The Congress is the highest law-making body of the US consisting of two chambers: the Senate and the House of Representatives.

A: Who can be elected a member of a senate?

B: Each state has two senators, who are elected every 6 years. A senator must be at least 30 years old, a citizen of the United States for 9 years, and live in the state she or he will represent.

A: Who can be elected a Representative?

B: A representative must be at least 25 years old, a citizen of the United States for 7 years, and who must be an inhabitant of the state in which he shall be chosen.

A: What are the obligations of the Congress?

B: The Congress of the USA makes laws.

A: What is the number of Congressmen?

B: The Senate is composed of 2 members from each state. The number of Representatives in the lower House depends on the number of people in each particular state.

A: And how are laws adopted?

B: In order to become a law all bills must pass both the Houses and must be signed by the President.

A: What term is the President elected for?

B: The President is elected for a term of 4 years. He can be reelected for the second term but no longer.

A: And what about the highest judicial body?

B: The highest judicial body is the US Supreme Court.

A: What is the structure of power in each state?

B: Each state has its own Constitution similar to the US Constitution. And all the power in each state is divided into executive, legislative and judicial. The head of each state is the governor of the state.

A: Thanks a lot for a very interesting talk.

B: Not at all.

Grammar Exercises Present Perfect

Affirmative

Negative

Interrogative

Long form

Short form

I have walked

You have walked

He has walked

She has walked

It has walked

We have walked

You have walked

They have walked

I have not walked You have not walked He has not walked

She has not walked

It has not walked

We have not walked You have not walked

They have not walked

I haven`t walked

You haven`t walked

He hasn`t walked

She hasn`t walked

It hasn`t walked

We haven`t walked

You haven`t walked

They haven`t walked

Have I walked?

Have you walked?

Has he walked?

Has she walked?

Has it walked?

Have we walked?

Have you walked?

Have they walked?

Time Expressions with Present Perfect

already, just, ever

never, lately,

recently, today,

this week, yet