- •Topic: How to study a foreign language
- •Read and translate the text.
- •Give the English for:
- •3. Answer these questions:
- •4. Complete these sentences without looking into the text:
- •Match the words in the left-hand column with their definitions:
- •Paraphrase the sentences using the vocabulary from the text "How to Study".
- •7. Answer these questions:
- •8. Use the text "How to Study" and speak about your method of learning. Mention:
- •Read and translate the text.
- •Topic: About myself
- •1. Fill in the spider-gram. Share your ideas with the group and your teacher.
- •2. Answer the questions:
- •Look at the words and divide them into 3 groups:
- •Fill in the application form about yourself.
- •Divide into pairs and fill in the form about your partner. Ask him/her.
- •Make a short story about your partner, based on his/her answers.
- •Look at the words and put them in the suitable column.
- •Look at the family tree and write who is who to Helen.
- •Read the text about Lisa and answer the questions:
- •Draw your own family tree and make a short story about your family based on the plan:
- •Make a list of relatives beginning with mother, father … and see how many words you can add.
- •Fill in the blanks stating the relationship among the various members of the family.
- •Read the text and make a plan of the text. About myself
- •Vocabulary.
- •Read and translate the text. My hobby
- •1. Answer the questions about yourself.
- •Tell about yourself. Topic: My flat
- •1. Answer the questions:
- •2. Look at the Vocabulary and add the things.
- •4. Read the text. While reading write the answers to the questions:
- •My flat
- •5. Find the English equivalents to Russian sentences.
- •Read and translate the dialogue. Moving in
- •Make a similar dialogue and present it to the class.
- •Discuss with your friend.
- •Topic: My Working Day
- •My working day
- •Answer the questions on the text.
- •Tell when do you usually do this things:
- •Read and translate the dialogue. The daily programme
- •Make a similar dialogue and present it to the class.
- •Divide into pairs and tell each other about the day, given on the card.
- •Make up your own timetable: what do you usually do during your working day and when?
- •Topic: My future profession
- •My future profession
- •Put up 6 questions to this text.
- •Read and translate the text. Future plans
- •Topic: Education
- •Read and translate the texts: a. The system of education in russia
- •Vocabulary:
- •B. Higher education in great britain
- •Answer the questions.
- •Look at the Vocabulary:
- •Read the text : “My Academy” and put the sentences in the correct order to make the plan of the text:
- •My academy
- •5. Answer the questions:
- •Translate the sentences into English.
- •7. What do we call:
- •8. Put the following statements into a natural context (a situation or a short dialogue)
- •9. Read and translate the dialogue. The students are in the lecture hall
- •Make a similar dialogue and present it to the class.
- •Fill in the blanks with one of the words given below:
- •Topic: The problems of young people
- •Young people’s problems
- •Match the question and the answer.
- •Fill in the words from the text and translate the sentences into Russian.
- •Translate the sentences into English.
- •Make up a list of qualities making 1) a good child, 2) a good friend.
- •Write a paragraph about your parent(s).
- •Speak about your friend. Use the phrases given above. What Makes a Good Parent?
- •Topic: The Russian Federation
- •What do you know about our country? Try to finish the sentences:
- •Read the text and check your answers. Correct your answers. The russian federation
- •Find a suitable answer to each question.
- •4. Fill in the words according to the text.
- •5. Translate into English the following sentences.
- •6. Answer the questions.
- •Match column a with column b.
- •My native city
- •My native city: volgograd
- •Dialogues
- •Topic: The United Kingdom
- •1. Look trough the Vocabulary and remember the new words:
- •Translate the sentences.
- •Read the text and check your sentences. The united kingdom
- •Answer the questions:
- •Read and translate the text.
- •Vocabulary
- •Are the sentences True/False.
- •Finish the sentences.
- •Answer the questions.
- •5. Read and translate the text.
- •Holidays and traditions in great britain
- •6. Write down a composition about holidays and traditions in Russia (15-20 sentences). Topic: Environmental problems
- •1. Answer the questions.
- •Read the text and fill in the chart.
- •What should/shouldn’t we do to protect environment?
- •What environmental movements do you know?
- •Read the text about environmental protection and answer the questions. Environmental protection
- •Read the interview with John Peters, 58, an ecologist, do you agree with his points of view?
- •Divide into 3-5 groups (5-8 people). Each group have their own problem:
- •Read an article according to your problem and fill in the chart. Air pollution
- •Acid rains
- •Water pollution
- •Topic: Agriculture
- •Look at the Vocabulary:
- •Make up your own sentences with the words from the vocabulary.
- •Read the text “Agriculture” and continue the sentences.
- •What is agriculture?
- •Agriculture and environment
- •B. Intensive technologies in agriculture
- •Text 1 measurements
- •Text 2 mechanization
- •Text 3 technical reequipment of agriculture
- •Text 4 tillage accessories and other machines
- •Text 5 general farm transport
- •Text 6 feeding systems for livestock farms
- •Text 7 plant breeding
- •Text 8 electrification
- •Text 9 electricity for the farmstead
- •Text 10
- •Irrigation (hydroamelioration)
- •Irrigation Systems in Cotton, Rice, Vegetable and Fruit-Growing Areas
- •Text 11 watering techniquecs and methods
- •Text 12 land reclamation
- •Text 13 soil and soil fertility
- •Text 14 plant life
- •Text 15 the soil
- •Text 16 what is economics?
- •Text 17 economic systems
- •Text 18 types of products
- •Text 19 hamburger
- •1. Insert articles where necessary.
- •Translate into English paying attention to the articles.
- •Information – информация, сведения
- •1. Give the plural of the following nouns.
- •2. Change into the plural.
- •Притяжательный падеж существительных (для обозначения принадлежности) (possessive case)
- •1. Rewrite the sentences using possessive case.
- •2. Translate into English.
- •Местоимениe (The Pronoun) Личные местоимения
- •Склонение личных местоимений
- •Притяжательные местоимения
- •Указательные местоимения
- •I like such books.
- •Неопределенные и отрицательные местоимения
- •Местоимения some, any, no
- •I have some English books. - у меня есть несколько книг на английском языке.
- •Is there any meat on the frying-pan?
- •If you have any flowers, we can decorate your room with them.
- •Местоименные прилагательные much, many, little, few.
- •Is there much light in your room? No, there isn’t. There isn’t much light in my room. There is little light in my room.
- •I have a few friends here. - у меня здесь мало друзей.
- •I have few friends here. - у меня здесь мало друзей.
- •1. Insert personal pronouns in the necessary case.
- •2. Open the brackets.
- •3. Insert some, any, no.
- •4. Insert some, any or no.
- •5. Insert somebody, someone, anybody, anyone, something, anything, everything, nobody, everybody, no one.
- •6. Supply one of the following adverbs: somewhere, anywhere, nowhere, everywhere.
- •7. Insert many, much, few, little, a lot of, plenty of, a great deal of.
- •8. Translate into English.
- •9. Translate into English.
- •10. Translate into English.
- •Имя прилагательное (the adjective) Степени сравнения прилагательных
- •1. Open the brackets using the adjectives in the comparative degree.
- •2. Open the brackets using the adjectives in the superlative degree.
- •3. Translate into English in writing.
- •Наречие (the adverb) Степени сравнения наречий
- •1. Make degrees of comparison of the adverbs.
- •2. Make the necessary degree of comparison.
- •3. Translate into English.
- •4. Fill in each space with the appropriate adverb phrase using the word given.
- •5. Complete the sentences below with appropriate adverbs based on the words in the list.
- •Числительное (the numeral)
- •— Three five point two nought four
- •Глагол (the verb) Инфинитив, его формы и функции
- •I like to walk. - Мне нравится ходить пешком.
- •I have come here to study. - я пришел сюда, чтобы учиться.
- •1. Find the Infinitive in the sentences, define its form and function.
- •2. Choose the right form of the Infinitive.
- •3. Translate into English.
- •Глагол to be
- •Is he a student?
- •1. Insert the appropriate form of the verb to be.
- •2. Read and translate the sentences with the verb «to be».
- •3. Translate into English.
- •Is there a library at the Academy? – Yes, there is.
- •1. Insert it is or there is.
- •2. Use the constructions there is, there are instead of the blanks.
- •Функции глагола to be
- •Функции глагола to be
- •Функции глагола to have
- •Функции глагола to have
- •Функции глагола to do
- •Функции глагола to do
- •Видовременные формы английского глагола
- •Особенности употребления английских времен Времена группы Indefinite/Simple Tenses
- •Времена группы Continuous/Progressive Tenses
- •Времена группы Perfect Tenses
- •Времена группы Perfect Continuous Tenses
- •1. Put the verbs in brackets into the proper present tense (Present Indefinite, Present Continuous or Present Perfect).
- •2. Supply Past Indefinite or Past Perfect. Translate the sentences.
- •3. Put the verbs into the Past Indefinite, Past Continuous or Past Perfect Tenses.
- •4. Open the brackets using the Present Indefinite or Present Continuous Tense.
- •5. Open the brackets using the verbs in the Present Perfect Tense or in the Past Indefinite Tense.
- •6. Supply the correct tense: Present Indefinite, Present Continuous, Present Perfect and Past Indefinite.
- •Способы выражения будущего действия
- •Future action
- •It will rain tomorrow.
- •It looks as though it’s raining tomorrow (It’s very cloudy).
- •It looks as though it’s going to rain tomorrow (It’s very cloudy).
- •1. Use one of the future tenses of the verbs in brackets and retell a dialogue as a story .
- •2. What do you say to your friend in these situations? Use the words given in brackets. Use the present continuous (I am doing), going to... Or will (I'll).
- •3. Put the verb into the most suitable form. Use a present tense (simple or continuous), will (I'll) or shall.
- •4. Put the verbs in the most suitable form. Sometimes there is more than one possibility.
- •Страдательный залог глаголов (Passive Voice)
- •1. Make the following sentences Passive.
- •2. Change the sentences using the passive voice construction as in the model.
- •3. Translate into English.
- •Модальные глаголы (modal verbs)
- •1. Use must not, need not, cannot, may not, dare not, could not, should not, ought not to fill the spaces in the following sentences and state the reason.
- •3. Complete the sentences using can, could or (be) able to.
- •4. Write these sentences in a different way using may or might.
- •5. Translate the sentences.
- •Сложное дополнение (Complex Object)
- •1. Read these sentences and find the Complex Object constructions in them. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •2. Translate the English sentences into Russian.
- •3. Translate into English in writing using the Complex Object constructions.
- •I. В страдательном залоге:
- •II. В действительном залоге:
- •1. Translate the sentences.
- •2. Translate the sentences into English.
- •3. Translate the English sentences into Russian.
- •Герундий (Gerund)
- •1. Translate the sentences using the Gerund.
- •2. Choose the right Russian equivalent.
- •3. Finish the sentences using the Gerund.
- •4. Translate into Russian, paying attention to the function and the form of the gerund.
- •5. Translate the sentences into English.
- •6. Translate the sentences into English.
- •Сослагательное наклонение (The subjunctive mood)
- •If I were you, I should stay in bed. –Если бы я был на твоем месте, я бы оставался в постели.
- •If they had been there yesterday, they would have seen his real nature. – Если бы они были там вчера, они бы увидели его истинную натуру (истинное лицо).
- •If I like this film-director, I should (would) certainly go to see his film. - Если бы мне нравился это режиссер, я бы пошел посмотреть его фильм.
- •If you had asked, we would have explained it to you. – Если бы ты спросил, мы бы тебе объяснили.
- •If he were a doctor, he would save his wife. –Если бы он был врачом, он бы постарался спасти свою жену.
- •If I had been there, I would have helped her. – Если бы я был там, я бы ей помог.
- •If I had learned about it two hours ago, I would do something. - Если бы я узнал об этом два часа назад, я бы сделал что-нибудь.
- •1. Translate into Russian.
- •Причастие I (Participle I)
- •Причастие II (Participle II)
- •If invited, I will take you to the party with me. – Если меня пригласят, я возьму тебя на вечеринку с собой.
- •I have already bought this book.
- •1. Use different forms of Participles as an attribute.
- •2. Use different forms of Participles as an adverbial modifier.
- •3. Choose the right English equivalents.
- •4. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •5. Translate into English.
- •Условные предложения (Conditionals)
- •If you ask her she will help you.
- •If the weather were fine tomorrow, we should go to the country.
- •If you had worked hard last year, you would know English well now.
- •Типы вопросов (Types of questions)
- •Was, Were
- •Is he a doctor? – Yes, he is./ No, he isn’t.
- •V3/Ved/Ving
- •Is this book written in 1892? – Yes, it is./ No, it isn’t.
- •(Can, May, Must, Should, …)
- •Подлежащее
- •Was, Were
- •V3/Ved/Ving
- •I like coffee. → What do you like?
- •(Can, May, Must, Should,…)
- •Подлежащее
- •I can swim well. → How can you swim?
- •Альтернативные вопросы
- •1. Put questions to the words in hold type.
- •2. Ask questions about the following sentences.
- •3. Add question-tags and give full answers to the questions.
- •5. Put all possible questions to the following sentences.
- •Порядок слов в утвердительных предложениях
- •1. Point out subjects and predicates in the following sentences. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •2. Point out objects. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •3. Point out attributes and adverbial modifiers. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •4. Make up sentences observing the correct word order.
- •5. Make up sentences observing the correct word order. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •6. Translate the following sentences into English.
- •Косвенная речь
- •1. Put into Reported Speech the following questions.
- •2. Put into Reported Speech.
- •3. Translate into English.
- •Предлоги (Prepositions)
- •I put my bag on the table. - я кладу свой портфель на стол.
- •I put my books into my bag. - я кладу книги в портфель.
- •I take my books out of my bag. - я вынимаю книги из портфеля.
- •I want to talk to you. – я хочу с вами побеседовать (поговорить).
- •1. Insert the necessary verb.
- •2. Translate into English.
- •I like John and I like his brother, too. –Мне нравится Джон, его брат мне нравится тоже.
- •If they don’t come, we shall not come either. - Если они не придут, то и мы не придем тоже.
- •1. Insert words too and either.
- •2. Translate into English.
- •I haven’t any other ideas. - у меня нет других идей.
- •I saw two boys, one of them was John, but I don’t remember the other’s name.
- •I bought ten apples, three for my brother, the others – for my little sister. –
- •1. Insert another or (the) other, others.
- •2. Translate into English.
- •1. Translate into English.
- •I haven’t seen you for ages. - я не видел тебя целую вечность.
- •I don’t see his point. - я не понимаю его точки зрения (того, о чем он говорит)
- •I don’t like to watch tv in the morning. - Не люблю смотреть телевизор утром.
- •1. Insert the necessary verb.
- •2. Translate into English.
- •1. Insert besides or except.
- •2. Translate into English.
- •1. Insert to do or to make in appropriate form.
- •2. Translate into English.
- •1. Fill in the necessary words.
- •2. Translate into English.
- •1. Translate into Russian and say the function of the verbs to be, to have.
- •2. Translate into English.
- •Test 10
- •Test 11
- •Test 12
- •Test 13
- •Test 14
- •Test 15
- •Test 16
- •Test 17
- •Test 18
- •План реферирования текстов
- •5. Ваше мнение относительно прочитанного (Your opinion of the text).
- •Частные правила выбора артикля
- •Способы выражения будущего действия
- •Виды глаголов
- •Правило выбора модального глагола
Text 18 types of products
Products can be grouped in different ways (One approach is to distinguish between goods and services. Goods are basically objects, they can be touched, stored, transported and mass-produced. Services, consisting primarily of actions, have opposite characteristics. In general, services require different pricing, distribution and promotion techniques than goods do.).
The most widely spread one to categorize products is to look at who is doing the buying - individual consumers or industrial / organizational buyers. According to that approach all consumer goods can be divided into three subgroup: convenience goods, shopping goods and specialty goods.
Convenience goods are products that are readily available, low prices, and heavily advertised and that consumers buy quickly and often. They are inexpensive items like toothpaste, soda and razor blades. Because the buyer is already familiar with these things, habit is a strong influence in the purchase decision. People buy the same old brand or go to the same old shop because it is easy to do so. To cultivate these strong buying habits, many sellers of convenience goods use advertising and packaging to create an easily recognizable image.
Shopping goods are products for which a consumer spends a lot of time shopping in order to compare prices, quality and style. These are fairly important things that a person doesn't buy every day, like a stereo, a washing machine, a good suit. One reason a purchase requires more thought is the difference among brands in terms of price or features. The existence of these differences prompts comparison shopping. The shopping process is a form of education; the more unusual and expensive the product, the more the buyer checks around to compare models, features and prices. Various sources of information are used advertisements, sales people, friends and relatives.
Specialty goods are products that a consumer will make a special effort to buy. These are things like luxury items, channel perfume, Brooks Brothers suits, cars.
There are two basic types of industrial products: expense items and capital items.
Expense items come in two basic types: support consumables and industrial process consumables.
Support consumables includes inexpensive items used to support business - rubber bands, paper, file folders.
Industrial process consumables includes goods that are used in the basic operations of business, such as raw materials and component parts required in a manufacturing process.
Capital items are relatively expensive industrial goods that have a long life and are used in the operations of a business. They are: trucks, major pieces of equipment. If a capital item is very expensive, the purchase decision is often based on written competitive bids. These bids are evaluated by a team of top managers and technical people.
Text 19 hamburger
Hamburger is also called burger, or ground beef. The term is applied variously to a patty of ground beef, sometimes called ham-burg steak, Salisbury steak, or Vienna steak, a sandwich consisting of a patty of beef served within a split bread roll, with various garnishes, or the ground beef itself, which is used as a base in many sauces, and other dishes.
The origin of hamburger is obscure. An American chef from Connecticut, Louis Lassen is believed to have made and sold the first hamburgers in America in 1898. He called them hamburgers because sailors from Hamburg in Germany gave him the recipe. Students from Yale University and businessmen loved them and bought them, with time popularity of the new product expanding far outside Connecticut.
The importance of the hamburger in the 20th-century American culture is indicated by its virtually universal use at backyard barbecues as well as its availability at various types of cafes, the so-called hamburger stands and fast-food restaurants, the best known chains being McDonald's, Burger King, and Wendy's.
Hamburgers are usually eaten as a sandwich, between two halves of a round bun. Mustard, mayonnaise, ketchup, and other condiments, along with garnishes of lettuce, onion, tomato, and cucumber are the most commonly used dressings. In the variation known as the cheeseburger, a slice of cheese is melted over the patty. The patty itself is often seasoned with chopped onions, spices, or bread crumbs before cooking.
According to the US DA standards, hamburger meat may be defined as either "hamburger", "chopped beef, or "ground beef. It must be ground from fresh beef with no by-products or nonmeat additives, but the USDA does permit the addition of some beef fat and other condiments in meat labeled "hamburger". Also, by law, hamburger and chopped or ground beef sold commercially may contain no more than 30 percent fat. Fifteen percent fat is regarded as the ideal proportion in terms of juiciness and flavour of the cooked product.
GRAMMAR REFERENCE |
Имя существительное (the noun)
Артикль (the article)
Артикль – показатель имени существительного.
Article
Indefinite Definite
(неопределенный а\an) (определенный the)
Неопределённый артикль (a,an) показывает, что имеется в виду любой предмет из всего класса предметов, который обозначается данным существительным (значение – один из, любой, какой-нибудь, какой-то).
A small girl was sitting on the bench.
(какая-то) Маленькая девочка сидела на скамейке.
1)Употребляется неопределенный артикль только с существительными в единственном числе при назывании предмета (объекта) при первом его упоминании:
On my way home I met an old man with a dog.
2)Неопределенный артикль употребляется с существительными после конструкций there are\ there is (was, will be, it is …)
There is a good library at our University.
It is a nice poem.
3) После указательного местоимения such:
It was such a difficult job.
-
В значении числительного ”один” с существительными, обозначающими время, расстояние, вес, а также перед числительными dozen, hundred, thousand, million, etc.:
I bought a kilo of butter.
You will drive a mile along the cost.
-
В выражениях a lot of, a number of, a great many, a great deal, а также в некоторых устойчивых выражениях to be in a hurry, as a rule, as a matter – of fact; It’s a pity…:
As a rule I am in a hurry in the morning.
I have a lot of money.
A – употребляется перед существительными, которые начинаются на согласный звук.
A mouse, a house.
An – употребляется перед существительными, которые начинаются на гласный звук.
An apple, an owl.
Определённый артикль обозначает, что имеется в виду определённый конкретный предмет, находящийся в поле зрения собеседников или известный в силу тех или иных обстоятельств (значение – именно этот, данный). Употребляется с существительными в единственном и множественном числе.
The cake was very tasty.
Торт был очень вкусный (именно тот торт, который был съеден).
Применение определённого артикля обусловлено следующими типами речевых ситуаций:
1) Указание на объект:
Pass me the sugar, please.
(тот сахар, который находиться на столе)
2) Ссылка на известный собеседникам объект (предмет):
Did you enjoy the film?
( фильм, который только что посмотрели)
3) Дополнительная конкретизация объекта:
The tallest boy is my brother.
(именно самый высокий мальчик, а не другой)
4) Логическое включение объекта в число известных:
Where is the bathroom?
(ванная неотъемлемая часть данной квартиры)
-
Родовая характеристика объекта, обобщение всего класса подобных объектов (предметов, лиц):
Let’s go to the cinema.
В английском языке также используется “нулевой” артикль (отсутствие артикля).
Артикль не употребляется:
-
Перед существительными во множественном числе, если в единственном числе перед ним должен быть неопределенный артикль a.
-
Перед неисчисляемыми абстрактными существительными.
-
Перед именами собственными (фамилии и имена людей, клички животных и птиц, названия городов, населенных пунктов, деревень, континентов, улиц, площадей, парков, мостов, магазинов и ресторанов).
-
Перед существительными, которые обозначают вещества.
-
Если перед существительным стоит притяжательное, указательное или вопросительное местоимение, а также местоимения some, any, no, each, every и количественные числительные.
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Если перед существительным стоит другое существительное в притяжательном падеже.
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Перед существительными в функции обращения.
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С названиями дней недели, месяцев, времен года, словами, обозначающими время дня или ночи.
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В устойчивых словосочетаниях: at night, by train, by mistake, to take place, to go to bed, from time to time.
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Перед неисчисляемыми существительными в общем значении.
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Перед словами breakfast, lunch, dinner, supper.
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С названиями озер.
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Перед названиями наук.
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Со словами, являющимися названиями аэропортов, станций и важных зданий.