- •Topic: How to study a foreign language
- •Read and translate the text.
- •Give the English for:
- •3. Answer these questions:
- •4. Complete these sentences without looking into the text:
- •Match the words in the left-hand column with their definitions:
- •Paraphrase the sentences using the vocabulary from the text "How to Study".
- •7. Answer these questions:
- •8. Use the text "How to Study" and speak about your method of learning. Mention:
- •Read and translate the text.
- •Topic: About myself
- •1. Fill in the spider-gram. Share your ideas with the group and your teacher.
- •2. Answer the questions:
- •Look at the words and divide them into 3 groups:
- •Fill in the application form about yourself.
- •Divide into pairs and fill in the form about your partner. Ask him/her.
- •Make a short story about your partner, based on his/her answers.
- •Look at the words and put them in the suitable column.
- •Look at the family tree and write who is who to Helen.
- •Read the text about Lisa and answer the questions:
- •Draw your own family tree and make a short story about your family based on the plan:
- •Make a list of relatives beginning with mother, father … and see how many words you can add.
- •Fill in the blanks stating the relationship among the various members of the family.
- •Read the text and make a plan of the text. About myself
- •Vocabulary.
- •Read and translate the text. My hobby
- •1. Answer the questions about yourself.
- •Tell about yourself. Topic: My flat
- •1. Answer the questions:
- •2. Look at the Vocabulary and add the things.
- •4. Read the text. While reading write the answers to the questions:
- •My flat
- •5. Find the English equivalents to Russian sentences.
- •Read and translate the dialogue. Moving in
- •Make a similar dialogue and present it to the class.
- •Discuss with your friend.
- •Topic: My Working Day
- •My working day
- •Answer the questions on the text.
- •Tell when do you usually do this things:
- •Read and translate the dialogue. The daily programme
- •Make a similar dialogue and present it to the class.
- •Divide into pairs and tell each other about the day, given on the card.
- •Make up your own timetable: what do you usually do during your working day and when?
- •Topic: My future profession
- •My future profession
- •Put up 6 questions to this text.
- •Read and translate the text. Future plans
- •Topic: Education
- •Read and translate the texts: a. The system of education in russia
- •Vocabulary:
- •B. Higher education in great britain
- •Answer the questions.
- •Look at the Vocabulary:
- •Read the text : “My Academy” and put the sentences in the correct order to make the plan of the text:
- •My academy
- •5. Answer the questions:
- •Translate the sentences into English.
- •7. What do we call:
- •8. Put the following statements into a natural context (a situation or a short dialogue)
- •9. Read and translate the dialogue. The students are in the lecture hall
- •Make a similar dialogue and present it to the class.
- •Fill in the blanks with one of the words given below:
- •Topic: The problems of young people
- •Young people’s problems
- •Match the question and the answer.
- •Fill in the words from the text and translate the sentences into Russian.
- •Translate the sentences into English.
- •Make up a list of qualities making 1) a good child, 2) a good friend.
- •Write a paragraph about your parent(s).
- •Speak about your friend. Use the phrases given above. What Makes a Good Parent?
- •Topic: The Russian Federation
- •What do you know about our country? Try to finish the sentences:
- •Read the text and check your answers. Correct your answers. The russian federation
- •Find a suitable answer to each question.
- •4. Fill in the words according to the text.
- •5. Translate into English the following sentences.
- •6. Answer the questions.
- •Match column a with column b.
- •My native city
- •My native city: volgograd
- •Dialogues
- •Topic: The United Kingdom
- •1. Look trough the Vocabulary and remember the new words:
- •Translate the sentences.
- •Read the text and check your sentences. The united kingdom
- •Answer the questions:
- •Read and translate the text.
- •Vocabulary
- •Are the sentences True/False.
- •Finish the sentences.
- •Answer the questions.
- •5. Read and translate the text.
- •Holidays and traditions in great britain
- •6. Write down a composition about holidays and traditions in Russia (15-20 sentences). Topic: Environmental problems
- •1. Answer the questions.
- •Read the text and fill in the chart.
- •What should/shouldn’t we do to protect environment?
- •What environmental movements do you know?
- •Read the text about environmental protection and answer the questions. Environmental protection
- •Read the interview with John Peters, 58, an ecologist, do you agree with his points of view?
- •Divide into 3-5 groups (5-8 people). Each group have their own problem:
- •Read an article according to your problem and fill in the chart. Air pollution
- •Acid rains
- •Water pollution
- •Topic: Agriculture
- •Look at the Vocabulary:
- •Make up your own sentences with the words from the vocabulary.
- •Read the text “Agriculture” and continue the sentences.
- •What is agriculture?
- •Agriculture and environment
- •B. Intensive technologies in agriculture
- •Text 1 measurements
- •Text 2 mechanization
- •Text 3 technical reequipment of agriculture
- •Text 4 tillage accessories and other machines
- •Text 5 general farm transport
- •Text 6 feeding systems for livestock farms
- •Text 7 plant breeding
- •Text 8 electrification
- •Text 9 electricity for the farmstead
- •Text 10
- •Irrigation (hydroamelioration)
- •Irrigation Systems in Cotton, Rice, Vegetable and Fruit-Growing Areas
- •Text 11 watering techniquecs and methods
- •Text 12 land reclamation
- •Text 13 soil and soil fertility
- •Text 14 plant life
- •Text 15 the soil
- •Text 16 what is economics?
- •Text 17 economic systems
- •Text 18 types of products
- •Text 19 hamburger
- •1. Insert articles where necessary.
- •Translate into English paying attention to the articles.
- •Information – информация, сведения
- •1. Give the plural of the following nouns.
- •2. Change into the plural.
- •Притяжательный падеж существительных (для обозначения принадлежности) (possessive case)
- •1. Rewrite the sentences using possessive case.
- •2. Translate into English.
- •Местоимениe (The Pronoun) Личные местоимения
- •Склонение личных местоимений
- •Притяжательные местоимения
- •Указательные местоимения
- •I like such books.
- •Неопределенные и отрицательные местоимения
- •Местоимения some, any, no
- •I have some English books. - у меня есть несколько книг на английском языке.
- •Is there any meat on the frying-pan?
- •If you have any flowers, we can decorate your room with them.
- •Местоименные прилагательные much, many, little, few.
- •Is there much light in your room? No, there isn’t. There isn’t much light in my room. There is little light in my room.
- •I have a few friends here. - у меня здесь мало друзей.
- •I have few friends here. - у меня здесь мало друзей.
- •1. Insert personal pronouns in the necessary case.
- •2. Open the brackets.
- •3. Insert some, any, no.
- •4. Insert some, any or no.
- •5. Insert somebody, someone, anybody, anyone, something, anything, everything, nobody, everybody, no one.
- •6. Supply one of the following adverbs: somewhere, anywhere, nowhere, everywhere.
- •7. Insert many, much, few, little, a lot of, plenty of, a great deal of.
- •8. Translate into English.
- •9. Translate into English.
- •10. Translate into English.
- •Имя прилагательное (the adjective) Степени сравнения прилагательных
- •1. Open the brackets using the adjectives in the comparative degree.
- •2. Open the brackets using the adjectives in the superlative degree.
- •3. Translate into English in writing.
- •Наречие (the adverb) Степени сравнения наречий
- •1. Make degrees of comparison of the adverbs.
- •2. Make the necessary degree of comparison.
- •3. Translate into English.
- •4. Fill in each space with the appropriate adverb phrase using the word given.
- •5. Complete the sentences below with appropriate adverbs based on the words in the list.
- •Числительное (the numeral)
- •— Three five point two nought four
- •Глагол (the verb) Инфинитив, его формы и функции
- •I like to walk. - Мне нравится ходить пешком.
- •I have come here to study. - я пришел сюда, чтобы учиться.
- •1. Find the Infinitive in the sentences, define its form and function.
- •2. Choose the right form of the Infinitive.
- •3. Translate into English.
- •Глагол to be
- •Is he a student?
- •1. Insert the appropriate form of the verb to be.
- •2. Read and translate the sentences with the verb «to be».
- •3. Translate into English.
- •Is there a library at the Academy? – Yes, there is.
- •1. Insert it is or there is.
- •2. Use the constructions there is, there are instead of the blanks.
- •Функции глагола to be
- •Функции глагола to be
- •Функции глагола to have
- •Функции глагола to have
- •Функции глагола to do
- •Функции глагола to do
- •Видовременные формы английского глагола
- •Особенности употребления английских времен Времена группы Indefinite/Simple Tenses
- •Времена группы Continuous/Progressive Tenses
- •Времена группы Perfect Tenses
- •Времена группы Perfect Continuous Tenses
- •1. Put the verbs in brackets into the proper present tense (Present Indefinite, Present Continuous or Present Perfect).
- •2. Supply Past Indefinite or Past Perfect. Translate the sentences.
- •3. Put the verbs into the Past Indefinite, Past Continuous or Past Perfect Tenses.
- •4. Open the brackets using the Present Indefinite or Present Continuous Tense.
- •5. Open the brackets using the verbs in the Present Perfect Tense or in the Past Indefinite Tense.
- •6. Supply the correct tense: Present Indefinite, Present Continuous, Present Perfect and Past Indefinite.
- •Способы выражения будущего действия
- •Future action
- •It will rain tomorrow.
- •It looks as though it’s raining tomorrow (It’s very cloudy).
- •It looks as though it’s going to rain tomorrow (It’s very cloudy).
- •1. Use one of the future tenses of the verbs in brackets and retell a dialogue as a story .
- •2. What do you say to your friend in these situations? Use the words given in brackets. Use the present continuous (I am doing), going to... Or will (I'll).
- •3. Put the verb into the most suitable form. Use a present tense (simple or continuous), will (I'll) or shall.
- •4. Put the verbs in the most suitable form. Sometimes there is more than one possibility.
- •Страдательный залог глаголов (Passive Voice)
- •1. Make the following sentences Passive.
- •2. Change the sentences using the passive voice construction as in the model.
- •3. Translate into English.
- •Модальные глаголы (modal verbs)
- •1. Use must not, need not, cannot, may not, dare not, could not, should not, ought not to fill the spaces in the following sentences and state the reason.
- •3. Complete the sentences using can, could or (be) able to.
- •4. Write these sentences in a different way using may or might.
- •5. Translate the sentences.
- •Сложное дополнение (Complex Object)
- •1. Read these sentences and find the Complex Object constructions in them. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •2. Translate the English sentences into Russian.
- •3. Translate into English in writing using the Complex Object constructions.
- •I. В страдательном залоге:
- •II. В действительном залоге:
- •1. Translate the sentences.
- •2. Translate the sentences into English.
- •3. Translate the English sentences into Russian.
- •Герундий (Gerund)
- •1. Translate the sentences using the Gerund.
- •2. Choose the right Russian equivalent.
- •3. Finish the sentences using the Gerund.
- •4. Translate into Russian, paying attention to the function and the form of the gerund.
- •5. Translate the sentences into English.
- •6. Translate the sentences into English.
- •Сослагательное наклонение (The subjunctive mood)
- •If I were you, I should stay in bed. –Если бы я был на твоем месте, я бы оставался в постели.
- •If they had been there yesterday, they would have seen his real nature. – Если бы они были там вчера, они бы увидели его истинную натуру (истинное лицо).
- •If I like this film-director, I should (would) certainly go to see his film. - Если бы мне нравился это режиссер, я бы пошел посмотреть его фильм.
- •If you had asked, we would have explained it to you. – Если бы ты спросил, мы бы тебе объяснили.
- •If he were a doctor, he would save his wife. –Если бы он был врачом, он бы постарался спасти свою жену.
- •If I had been there, I would have helped her. – Если бы я был там, я бы ей помог.
- •If I had learned about it two hours ago, I would do something. - Если бы я узнал об этом два часа назад, я бы сделал что-нибудь.
- •1. Translate into Russian.
- •Причастие I (Participle I)
- •Причастие II (Participle II)
- •If invited, I will take you to the party with me. – Если меня пригласят, я возьму тебя на вечеринку с собой.
- •I have already bought this book.
- •1. Use different forms of Participles as an attribute.
- •2. Use different forms of Participles as an adverbial modifier.
- •3. Choose the right English equivalents.
- •4. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •5. Translate into English.
- •Условные предложения (Conditionals)
- •If you ask her she will help you.
- •If the weather were fine tomorrow, we should go to the country.
- •If you had worked hard last year, you would know English well now.
- •Типы вопросов (Types of questions)
- •Was, Were
- •Is he a doctor? – Yes, he is./ No, he isn’t.
- •V3/Ved/Ving
- •Is this book written in 1892? – Yes, it is./ No, it isn’t.
- •(Can, May, Must, Should, …)
- •Подлежащее
- •Was, Were
- •V3/Ved/Ving
- •I like coffee. → What do you like?
- •(Can, May, Must, Should,…)
- •Подлежащее
- •I can swim well. → How can you swim?
- •Альтернативные вопросы
- •1. Put questions to the words in hold type.
- •2. Ask questions about the following sentences.
- •3. Add question-tags and give full answers to the questions.
- •5. Put all possible questions to the following sentences.
- •Порядок слов в утвердительных предложениях
- •1. Point out subjects and predicates in the following sentences. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •2. Point out objects. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •3. Point out attributes and adverbial modifiers. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •4. Make up sentences observing the correct word order.
- •5. Make up sentences observing the correct word order. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •6. Translate the following sentences into English.
- •Косвенная речь
- •1. Put into Reported Speech the following questions.
- •2. Put into Reported Speech.
- •3. Translate into English.
- •Предлоги (Prepositions)
- •I put my bag on the table. - я кладу свой портфель на стол.
- •I put my books into my bag. - я кладу книги в портфель.
- •I take my books out of my bag. - я вынимаю книги из портфеля.
- •I want to talk to you. – я хочу с вами побеседовать (поговорить).
- •1. Insert the necessary verb.
- •2. Translate into English.
- •I like John and I like his brother, too. –Мне нравится Джон, его брат мне нравится тоже.
- •If they don’t come, we shall not come either. - Если они не придут, то и мы не придем тоже.
- •1. Insert words too and either.
- •2. Translate into English.
- •I haven’t any other ideas. - у меня нет других идей.
- •I saw two boys, one of them was John, but I don’t remember the other’s name.
- •I bought ten apples, three for my brother, the others – for my little sister. –
- •1. Insert another or (the) other, others.
- •2. Translate into English.
- •1. Translate into English.
- •I haven’t seen you for ages. - я не видел тебя целую вечность.
- •I don’t see his point. - я не понимаю его точки зрения (того, о чем он говорит)
- •I don’t like to watch tv in the morning. - Не люблю смотреть телевизор утром.
- •1. Insert the necessary verb.
- •2. Translate into English.
- •1. Insert besides or except.
- •2. Translate into English.
- •1. Insert to do or to make in appropriate form.
- •2. Translate into English.
- •1. Fill in the necessary words.
- •2. Translate into English.
- •1. Translate into Russian and say the function of the verbs to be, to have.
- •2. Translate into English.
- •Test 10
- •Test 11
- •Test 12
- •Test 13
- •Test 14
- •Test 15
- •Test 16
- •Test 17
- •Test 18
- •План реферирования текстов
- •5. Ваше мнение относительно прочитанного (Your opinion of the text).
- •Частные правила выбора артикля
- •Способы выражения будущего действия
- •Виды глаголов
- •Правило выбора модального глагола
-
Agriculture and environment
Agriculture and environment are closely connected with each other. Crop yields and animal productivity depend on soil and climatic conditions of the region in which they are grown. When environmental conditions are favorable, crops grow and develop well and produce high yields.
At present agriculture is not so dependent on the environment as in the past. (Man can improve the conditions under which crops are grown. The conditions can be improved by using irrigation and drainage, by applying fertilizers and different chemicals such as herbicides and insecticides and by some other practices. The environmental factors do not only affect agriculture, but they are also affected by the agricultural activity. Mineral fertilizers and chemicals used by farmers accumulate in the soil and in plants and may become harmful for people. Thus, the farmers have to solve two problems. On the one hand l they are to improve and intensify agricultural production and on the other hand 2 they are to minimize the effect of agriculture on the environment.
Пояснения к тексту
1. on the one hand — с одной стороны
2. on the other hand — с другой стороны
B. Intensive technologies in agriculture
There are two ways of increasing the yield of farm crops. They are the cultivation of new lands and the increase in yields per hectare. In the recent past the first way was more popular. At present more agricultural products are obtained by intensification of agricultural production.
Intensification is based on mechanization, electrification and chemization which are the main sources of progress in agriculture. Most of agricultural processes in crop production and animal husbandry are mechanized now. They are the preparation of the soil, planting and harvesting crops, feeding farm animals and cleaning livestock buildings. Chemization of agriculture is increased by higher production and use of mineral fertilizers and other chemicals. They increase crop yields and quality.
Some other important intensive technologies are the development of better high-yielding varieties of crops, the application of most effective cultural practices, the breeding of better farm animals, the control of weeds, insects and diseases. All intensification factors must be used in such a way as not to damage the land which is the basis of agriculture.
Пояснения к тексту
-
per hectare — с гектара; на гектар
-
high-yielding — высокоурожайный
-
cultural practices — агротехнические приемы; агротехника
-
in such a way — таким образом
-
as not to damage — чтобы не повредить
TEXTS FOR READING |
Text 1 measurements
Metric System is a decimal system of physical units, named after its unit of length; the metre, the metric system is adopted as the common system of weights and measures by the majority of countries, and by all countries as the system used in scientific work.
Weights and Measures. Length, capacity, and weight can be measured using standard units. The principal early standards of length were the palm or hand breadth, the foot, and the cubit, which is the length from the elbow to the tip of the middle finger. Such standards were not accurate and definite. Unchanging standards of measurement have been adopted only in modern time.
In the English-speaking world, the everyday units of linear measurement were traditionally the inch, foot, yard and mile. In Great Britain, until recently, these units of length were defined in terms of the imperial standard yard, which was the distance between two lines on a bronze bar made in 1845.
In Britain units of weight (ounces, pounds, and tons) are now also derived from the metric standard — kilogram. This is a solid cylinder of platinum-iridium alloy maintained at constant temperature at Sevres, near Paris. Copies, as exact as possible, of this standard are maintained by national standards laboratories in many countries.
International System of Units is a system of measurement units based on the MKS (metre-kilogram-second) system. This international system is commonly referred to as SI.
At the Eleventh General Conference on Weights and Measures, held in Paris in 1960 standards were defined for six base units and two supplementary units:
Length. The metre had its origin in the metric system. By international agreement, the standard metre had been defined as the distance between two fine lines on a bar of platinum-iridium alloy. The 1960 conference redefined the metre as 1,650,763.73 wavelengths of the reddish-orange light emitted by the isotope krypton-86. The metre was again redefined in 1983 as the length of the path travelled by light in a vacuum during a time interval of 1/299,792,458 of a second.
Mass. When the metric system was created, the kilogram was defined as the mass of 1 cubic decimetre of pure water at the temperature of its maximum density or at 4.0 °C.
Time. For centuries, time has been universally measured in terms of the rotation of the earth. The second, the basic unit of time, was defined as 1/86,400 of a mean solar day or one complete rotation of the earth on its axis in relation to the sun. Scientists discovered, however, that the rotation of the earth was not constant enough to serve as the basis of the time standard. As a result, the second was redefined in 1967 in terms of the resonant frequency of the caesium atom, that is, the frequency at which this atom absorbs energy: 9,192,631,7 70 Hz (hertz, or cycles per second).
Temperature. The temperature scale is based on a fixed temperature, that of the triple point of water at which it's solid, liquid and gaseous. The freezing point of water was designated as 273.15 K, equaling exactly 0° on the Celsius temperature scale. The Celsius scale, which is identical to the centigrade scale, is named after the 18th-century Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius, who first proposed the use of a scale in which the interval between the freezing and boiling points of water is divided into 100 degrees. By international agreement, the term Celsius has officially replaced centigrade.
One feature of SI is that some units are too large for ordinary use and others too small. To compensate, the prefixes developed for the metric system have been borrowed and expanded. These prefixes are used with all three types of units: base, supplementary, and derived. Examples are millimetre (mm), kilometre/hour (km/h), megawatt (MW), and picofarad (pF). Because double prefixes are not used, and because the base unit name kilogram already contains a prefix, prefixes are used not with kilogram but with gram. The prefixes hecto, deka, deci, and centi are used only rarely and then usually with metre to express areas and volumes. In accordance with established usage, the centimetre is retained for body measurements and clothing.
In cases where their usage is already well established, certain other units are allowed for a limited time, subject to future review. These include the nautical mile, knot, angstrom, standard atmosphere, hectare, and bar.