Эквиваленты модальных глаголов.

Модальный глагол	Эквива лент	Present Indefinite	Past Indefinite	Future Indefinite
can	to be able to …	is(am, are) able to …	was(were) able to …	will /shall be able to …
may	to be allowed to …	is (am, are)allowed to …	was /were allowed to …	will /shall be allowed to …
must	to be to … to have to …	is(am, are) has(have) to …	was (were)to... had to …	will have to …

Глаголы should и ought употребляются для выражения морального долга, или совета и переводятся «должен, следует». Являясь модальным глаголом, should употребляется со всеми лицами единственного и множественного числа.

Глагол ought употребляется во всех лицах единственного и множественного числа. Инфинитив смыслового глагола после глагола ought употребляется с частицей to.

Когда речь идет о необходимости совершения действия в силу предварительной договорённости или заранее намеченного плана, или расписания, употребляется глагол to be с последующим инфинитивом основного глагола.

Old machinery is to be replaced next month.

Старые машины должны быть заменены в следующем месяце.

They were to discuss the plan of their research work at the last meeting.

Они должны были обсуждать план научно-исследовательской работы на прошлом заседании.

Exercises:

I. Translate the following sentences into Russian. Pay attention to modal verbs and their equivalents.

A 1. We must use new methods in our research work. 2. Due to the energy of the atom man can produce electric energy at atomic power stations. 3. You may use this instrument for measuring gas pressure. 4. They ought to help their colleagues to solve this important problem. 5. He could not complete his research in time as he worked very slowly. 6. You should turn off the light before you leave the room. 7. In scientific work we must measure in units of the metric system. 8. We ought to say that the discovery of atomic energy is as important as the discovery of fire. 9. We should be prepared for scientific study of life on other planets. 10. Atoms must serve mankind. 11. The technician should have repaired the computing equipment some time ago, it yields wrong information again. 12. These data must have been processed by the digital computer. 13. The range of functions of this computing equipment must have been broadened. 14. She may use different methods in her research work.

B 1. He had to work hard before he was able to submit his paper to a scientific journal. 2. This part is very complex and the worker has to use special tools to cut it. 3. Every technical student is to study mathematics for some years. 4. We were to replace the tool by another one in time. 5. The engineer will have to improve the accuracy of this machine-tool. 6. These machines are to replace the old equipment of our shop. 7. Nobody was able to understand this mysterious phenomenon. 8. As the student was late he was not allowed to enter the classroom. 9. The students were unable to do the work without their teacher’s help. 10. This power station was to supply us with all necessary energy. 11. As he received a bad mark, he had to go over the material again. 12. He was to stay at the office until the report was ready. 13. We were to send his letter of recommendation by e-mail. 14. The builders are to errect the structure in two months.