Mustn’t – Needn’t

Mustn’t means it’s forbidden.	You mustn’t get off the bus before it stops.
Needn’t / don’t have to means it isn’t necessary.	Today is a holiday – you needn’t / don’t have to go to work.

Exercise 140

Fill in: mustn’torneedn’t.

Tom,

Thanks for offering to chair tomorrow’s meeting for me. Apart from Sally and Dave, the sales staff 1 needn’t attend, but the Personnel people

2 __________miss it, as several matters concern them. You3__________mention the new offices – we can deal with that later and you4 __________discuss the changes in the computer course timetables since they’re not urgent. Don’t forget that you5 __________mention the visit by the inspectors – we don’t want people panicking. You6 __________forget to bring up the matter of the Smithson contract, and you also7 __________leave out the new manager’s appointment. You8__________go into details unless people have questions. But remember you9 __________give anyone the idea that their job is at risk because of this. Make it clear that employees10 __________ speak unless they want to. Last but not least, you11 __________mention the staff party – Mr. Jones wants to announce that himself. By the way, you12 __________take notes, as my secretary will be there to do that.

Thanks,

Laura

Exercise 141

Translate these sentences from Russian into English. Mind the use of needin different meanings.

1. Не нужно мыть окна сейчас, давай сделаем это вместе завтра.

2. Напрасно вы купили так много хлеба, у нас есть хлеб.

3. Не надо было напоминать ей об этом случае: она очень расстроилась,

и вечер был испорчен.

4. Вам не надо было брать с собой так много теплых вещей, в это время

года здесь всегда тепло.

5. Вам не надо оставлять ей записку, я ей все передам.

6. Вам незачем было объяснять студентам это правило, они его знают.

7.Тебе не следует беспокоиться. Она всегда приходит вовремя.

8. Незачем было задавать им так много вопросов, и так все ясно.

9. «Мнеответитьпотелефону? » «Нет,ненужно.Я сделаю это сама».

10. Не надо было бранить мальчика, он не был виноват.

Verb dare

Modal Verb / Its Equivalent		Uses	Present / Future	Past
Dare (Dare has the following forms: the present tense dare and the past tense dared. In modern English dare occurs only in interrogative and negative sentences which are formed without any auxiliary. The infinitive of the following verb is used without to.		1. means not to be afraid to do something (in interrogative and negative sentences)	Dare we go in? I daren’t go near the dog.	They dared not discuss it in his presence.
		2. indignation	How dare you open my letters? (I am angry with you for opening them.)	How dared he complain? (I am indignant because he complained.)
(Dare also may be used as a regular notional verb. In such cases dare mainly occurs in the present and past tenses. Its use is restricted to interrogative and negative sentences. The infinitive of the following verb is used with to.)			Does he dare to contradict her?	Alan did not dare to move.
Note:	1. In affirmative sentences dare is used only in set expressions I dare say (I daresay) which means полагаю, осмелюсь сказать .In the second meaning it is often used ironically. I daresay you have thought me very neglectful. 2. Dare can be used as a notional verb in the meaning of “to challenge, to suggest that a person is unable or not brave enough to do something.” The boy dared his friend to climb a tall tree. I dare you to deny the accusation.

Exercise 142

Read, translate and comment on the meanings of the modal verb dare (not being afraid to do something).

1.” Howdareyoucomehere andattemptto blackmail me?” Higgins asked

Doolittle.

2. “The matter is of no importance, I daresay,” he volunteered.

3. Dareyou climb the ladder? - No, Idaren’t.

4. I have never daredto talkwith him about his late wife,

5. The roads are so bad that we don’t dare to go outmuch after dark.

6. The guests didn’t dare to complain.

7. How dareyoutalklike that to your parents?

8. He dared not approachher.

9. Can you imagine they daredcontradictme?

10. Doesshedare to tella lie?

Exercise 143

Respond to the following statements using dare.

Example:

• This coal-miner tried to smoke in a mine.

• How daredhedoit!

1. nick was rude to his father.

2. Peter has a weak stomach and he eats fried meat.

3. He wants to mount that wild horse.

4. I shall dive from the bridge into the river.

5. A night nurse slept on duty.

6. We shall not declare cigarettes when passing through the Customs.

7. He looks very ill but doesn’t call the doctor.

8. It is no use advising him; he is too pig-headed.

9. Mother doesn’t want to vaccinate her child.

10. The driver continued on his journey though the car had not been repaired.

Exercise 144

Translate these sentences from Russian into English. Mind the use of darein different meanings.

1. Он осмелился задать мне этот вопрос!

2. Как она смеет лгать родителям!

3. Он осмелился бранить (scold) ребенка, который ни в чем не виноват.

4. Полагаю (смею заметить), Вы не правы.

5. Осмелюсь сказать, в поезде есть вагон-ресторан.

6. Как ты смеешь вскрывать (open) мои письма?

7. Они не осмелились критиковать его распоряжения.

8. Как они осмелилисьжаловаться?

9. Зачем ты бросил камень в окно (through the window)? – Другой

мальчишка подзадорил меня сделать это.

10. Они не смели пошелохнуться (move, stir).

Exercise 145

Correct the mistakes in the following sentences. Mind the use of the modal verbs andtheir equivalents.

1. Can I to have the last cake, please?

2. Shall we go to the basketball match.

3. You not must talk in class.

4. She were able to read at the age of five.

5. You can no take photos in here.

6. He might has met them before.

7. The baby must be sleep now.

8. I have to go to the bank yesterday.

9. You isn’t allowed to smoke here.

10. Do they have put some petrol in the car?

11. I ought get my hair cut.

12. You should go on a diet.

13. We mustn’t to allow our competitors to gain an advantage over us.

14. You don’t need cut the grass, I’ll do it later.

15. You needn’t to worry about redundancies.

CONVERSATIONS

Exercise 146

Complete these dialogues. Use the proper modal verbs or their equivalents.

Dialogue 1

Fill in: can,couldn’t,may,mustn’t,can’tor(not) be allowed to.

David:	1 __Can __I go to the cinema tonight?
Mrs. Stone:	You know you 2 _____go out during the week.
David:	But I 3 _____go out last Saturday either. I think Dad is too strict.
Mrs. Stone:	You 4 _____speak about your father like that. He’s doing what he thinks is best.
David:	5 _____I have some friends over, then?
Mrs. Stone:	I’m afraid you 6 _____. We’re having some friends to dinner.
David:	7 _____I at least watch TV for a while?
Mrs. Stone:	Yes, you 8 _____but only after you’ve done your homework.
David:	But I haven’t got any homework!
Mrs. Stone:	Oh! Well, in that case. You 9 _____go out, but you10 _____be home late.
David:	I’ll be home by 11, I promise.

Dialogue 2

Fill in: must,can't,should,may,might,couldand the appropriate form of the verbs.

Fred:	I’ve been trying to phone Rupert all day, but there’s no answer. He 1 __must be working __(work).
Jill:	No. He 2 _____(work). He never works on Sunday.
Fred:	Oh! Then I suppose he 3 _____(go) away somewhere for the day.
Jill:	Possibly. But I’ll be upset with him if he has. He 4 _____(tell) me, so that I5 _____(go) with him.
Fred:	I hope he’s OK. He 6 _____(have) an accident, you know.
Jill:	Don’t worry. He 7 _____(still / sleep). You know he has a lot of work on at the moment. He8 _____(work) until late last night.
Fred :	I suppose so, or he 9 _____(go) to Ted’s party.
Jill:	That’s it! He 10 _____(go) there and stayed out till really late.

Dialogue 3

Fill in: can,would,could,shallorwill.

Shop Assistant:	1 __Can __I help you?
Customer:	Yes, I’m looking for a jumper. 2 _____you show me some?
Shop Assistant:	Yes, of course. What size 3 _____you like?
Customer:	Medium, please.
Shop Assistant:	I 4 _____ get some to show you. Is there anything else you5 _____like to see?
Customer:	6 _____I try on some skirts as well?
Shop Assistant:	Certainly ... ... ...
Shop Assistant:	Do you like them?
Customer:	Yes, I do. 7I_____take them all.
Shop Assistant:	8 _____I wrap them for you?
Customer:	Yes, please.

Exercise 147

Read the text.