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qj_a\uqZcgh hkljZy ^ey wihob mdjZbgkdh]h [Zjhddh ijh[e_fZ kfukeZ `bagb,

hij_^_e_gby __ p_eb Wlm ijh[e_fm db_\h fh]beygkdb_ nbehkhnu jZaj_rZeb \ ^\mo Zki_dlZo jZaebqZy nbabq_kdmx b fhjZevgmx p_eb q_eh\_dZ < ij_^klZ\e_gbb db_\h fh]beygkdbo ZdZ^_fbdh\ fhjZevgZy p_ev k\yaZgZ k a_fghc `bagvx b j_Zebam_lky q_j_a ^hklb`_gb_ [eZ]Z \ j_Zevghf [ulbb ;eZ]h y\ey_lky h[s_c f_qlhc \k_o ex^_c gh m dZ`^h]h dhgdj_lgh]h q_eh\_dZ fhjZevgZy p_ev k\hy H[sbf [eZ]hf kqblZehkv \k_ qlh \_^_l q_eh\_dZ d ^h[jh^_l_eb GZ imlb ^hklb`_gby ^h[jh^_l_e_c q_eh\_d \ugm`^_g ihklhyggh ij_h^he_\Zlv lZdb_ khklhygby dhlhju_ aZklZ\eyxl _]h ijb[_]Zlv d djZcghklyf BklbggZy ^h[jh^_l_ev \ ahehlhc k_j_^bg_ gh __ kh[ex^_gb_ ihjh`^Z_l \gmlj_ggbc dhgnebdl H^gZdh lZdh_ khklhygb_ y\ey_lky g_h[oh^bfuf we_f_glhf `bag_^_yl_evghklb b[h \ghkbl \ g__ [hjv[m b ^\b`_gb_ [_a q_]h `bagv g_ fh]eZ [u kms_kl\h\Zlv

AZ\_jr_gb_ wihob [Zjhddh \ MdjZbg_ [ueh hlf_q_gh ihy\e_gb_f \u^Zxs_]hky nbehkhnZ b ihwlZ i_\pZ b fmaudZglZ [ZkghibkpZ b i_^Z]h]Z

=jb]hjby KZ\\h\bqZ Kdh\hjh^u <hkiblZggbd Db_\h Fh]beygkdhc ZdZ^_fbb hg ba[jZe [_kihdhcgmx km^v[m kljZggbdZ ^_fhgkljbjmy m^b\bl_evgh_ khhl\_lkl\b_ m[_`^_gbc b h[jZaZ `bagb Bf_ggh lml h[gZjm`b\Z_lky ijhl_kl nbehkhnZ ijhlb\ ^bk]Zjfhgbb j_Zevgh]h [ulby G_ kemqZcgh hg aZ\_sZe gZ k\h_c fh]be_ gZibkZlv ©Fbj eh\be f_gy gh g_ ihcfZeª

<k_ bamqZ\rb_ `bag_gguc imlv nbehkhnZ ibrml h g_f dZd h ljm`_gbd_ wgpbdehi_^bkl_ ih^\b`gbd_ Zkd_l_ Nbehkhnkdb_ \a]ey^u = K Kdh\hjh^u knhjfbjh\Zebkv ih^ \ebygb_f Zglbqghc k\ylhhl_q_kdhc kj_^g_\_dh\hc aZiZ^ghc gh\h_\jhi_ckdhc ljZ^bpbc nbehkhnkl\h\Zgby

41

Hkgh\hc hglheh]bq_kdh]h mq_gby Kdh\hjh^u y\ey_lky dhgp_ipby ©lj_o fbjh\ª b ©^\mo gZlmjª J_Zevghklv ih fg_gbx nbehkhnZ wlh ]Zjfhgbqgh_ \aZbfh^_ckl\b_ fZdjhdhkfhkZ \ dhlhjhf `b\zl \kz jh`^_ggh_ fbdjhdhkfhkZ q_eh\_dZ b kbf\hebq_kdh]h fbjZ fbjZ dgb]b beb ;b[ebb

;hevrhc fbj fZdjhdhkf ± wlh \_kv fbj \_s_c <k_e_ggZy Kdh\hjh^Z qZklh gZau\Z_l _]h ih eZlugb ©Mgb\_jkmfhfª < fZdjhdhkf_ ij_[u\Z_l \k_ jh`^_ggh_ Kdh\hjh^Z bf__l \ \b^m qlh kZf fZdjhdhkf y\ey_lky \_qguf b [_a]jZgbqguf <ke_^ aZ Zglbqgufb fukebl_eyfb hg kqblZ_l qlh km[kljZl \_s_kl\_ggh]h fbjZ h[jZamxl q_luj_ we_f_glZ h]hgv \ha^mo \h^Z b a_fey \ke_^ aZ Dhi_jgbdhf ijbagZ_l fgh`_kl\_gghklv fbjh\ \_qguo \h \j_f_gb b [_kij_^_evguo \ ijhkljZgkl\_

FZeuc fbj fbdjhdhkf ± wlh q_eh\_d Q_eh\_d fbdjhdhkf ^ey = K Kdh\hjh^u ± wlh p_glj \ dhlhjhf koh^ylky b ijbh[j_lZxl k\h_ agZq_gb_ \k_ kbf\heu fZdjhdhkfZ b ;b[ebb Mq_gb_ h fZehf fbj_ _klv kl_j`_gv \k_c Zgljhiheh]bq_kdhc nbehkhnbb Kdh\hjh^u

GZdhg_p lj_lbc fbj ± fbj kbf\heh\ ;b[eby Z lZd`_ fbnheh]by b gZjh^gZy fm^jhklv \uklmiZ_l \ dZq_kl\_ kZfhklhyl_evghc j_Zevghklb qlh h[_ki_qb\Z_l q_eh\_dm \hafh`ghklv ihklb`_gby ;h]Z Q_j_a wlhl fbj ;h] y\ey_lky q_eh\_dm

<k_ ljb fbjZ bf_xl ^\_ gZlmju ± \b^bfmx b g_\b^bfmx \g_rgxx b \gmlj_ggxx <b^bfZy gZlmjZ ± wlh \_s_kl\h fZl_jby iehlv g_\b^bfZy gZlmjZ ± ;h] >mo <Z`gh ih^q_jdgmlv qlh wlb ^\_ gZlmju kh^_j`Zlky b \ ;b[ebb Kdh\hjh^Z hl\_j]Z_l bklbgghklv \g_rg_c klhjhgu ;b[ebb hljbpZ_l j_Zevghklv [b[e_ckdbo qm^_k hlf_qZ_l g_ijZ\^hih^h[ghklv e_]_g^ b kdZaZgbc kqblZy qlh \ ;b[ebb kdjul ]em[bgguc Zee_]hjbq_kdbc kfuke

DZd b \_kv fbj lZd b q_eh\_d bf__l ^\_ gZlmju \g_rgyy \b^bfZy le_ggZy wlh wfibjbq_kdZy l_e_kgZy kmsghklv q_eh\_dZ \gmlj_ggyy bklbggZy gZlmjZ q_eh\_dZ _]h ^mrZ IhdZ iehlv ]hkih^kl\m_l gZ^ q_eh\_dhf bklbgZ [m^_l kdjulZ b dZd lZdh\Zy b dZd bklbgZ q_eh\_q_kdh]h kms_kl\h\Zgby Nhjfbjh\Zgb_ bklbggh]h q_eh\_dZ ijhbkoh^bl lh]^Z dh]^Z q_eh\_d \ ijhp_kk_ kZfhihagZgby hldju\Z_l \ k_[_ ©g_\b^bfmx gZlmjmª ;h]Z >mo Kdh\hjh^Z ihgbfZ_l wlhl ijhp_kk h^mohl\hj_gby dZd jh`^_gb_ \ q_eh\_d_ ©gh\h]h k_j^pZª

< hij_^_e_gbb kmsghklb q_eh\_q_kdh]h [ulby bg^b\b^mZevgZy g_ih\lhjbfhklv nbehkhnbb = K Kdh\hjh^u Nbehkhnby ih^h[gZ gblb :jbZ^gu ihfh]Zxs_c \u[jZlvky ba `bag_ggh]h eZ[bjbglZ b gZclb imlv d kqZklvx Imlv d kqZklvx e_`bl q_j_a fhjZevgh_ kh\_jr_gkl\h\Zgb_ q_eh\_dZ NbehkhnZ aZgbfZe \hijhk dZd ex^b ihgbfZxl kqZklv_ dZd ^h[b\Zxlky _]h b \ q_f gZ kZfhf ^_e_ khklhbl ij_^gZagZq_gb_ b kqZklv_ q_eh\_dZ G_ihkj_^kl\_gguf km[t_dlb\guf ijhy\e_gb_f q_eh\_q_kdh]h kqZklvy Kdh\hjh^Z kqblZe \gmlj_ggbc fbj k_j^_qgh_ \_k_eb_ ^mr_\gmx dj_ihklv KqZklv_ \ gZk kZfbo hgh ihjh`^Z_lky \_jhc b ex[h\vx q_eh\_dZ Ihwlhfm kqZklv_ aZ\bkbl hl kZfh]h q_eh\_dZ <k_ ex^b kha^Zgu ^ey kqZklvy gh g_ \k_ _]h ^hklb]Zxl Ihq_fm wlh ijhbkoh^bl" Ex^b m\e_dZxlky \g_rgbfb Zljb[mlZfb kqZklvy \eZklv [h]Zlkl\h gh wlh g_ kqZklv_ Z

42

ijb\b^_gb_ ijZo DZl_]hjbb ex[h\v b \_jZ bf_xl m Kdh\hjh^u b ]em[hdbc ihagZ\Zl_evguc kfuke kd\hav ex[h\v b \_jm q_eh\_d ihagZ_l k_[yIhagZc kZfh]h k_[y khdjZlh\kdbc ijbau\ ih gh\hfm a\mqbl m nbehkhnZ Kdh\hjh^u hg g_ ijhklh ijbau\Z_l Z h[jZsZ_l \gbfZgb_ gZ ihagZgb_ ijbjh^u q_eh\_q_kdhc ^mrb k mq_lhf mkeh\bc __ nhjfbjh\Zgby

Hij_^_eyxs__ agZq_gb_ \ nbehkhnkdh wlbq_kdhf mq_gbb Kdh\hjh^u aZgbfZ_l dhgp_ipby kjh^gh]h ljm^Z HibjZykv gZ aZeh`_ggmx Zglbqghc nbehkhnb_c b^_x h aZ\bkbfhklb km^v[u q_eh\_dZ hl _]h ijbjh^guo kdehgghkl_c Kdh\hjh^Z kfuke q_eh\_q_kdh]h [ulby \b^bl \ ljm^_ `bagv b ^_eh _klv h^gh b lh `_ Z bklbggh_ kqZklv_ \ k\h[h^ghf ljm^_ ih ijba\Zgbx <k_ aZgylby ijbghkyl ihevam q_eh\_dm b h[s_kl\m _keb hgb khhl\_lkl\mxl kdehgghklyf q_eh\_dZ d ^Zgghfm \b^m ^_yl_evghklb Kdh\hjh^Z ]h\hjbl h ©kjh^ghklb d oe_[hiZr_kl\mª ©kjh^ghklb d \hbgkl\mª ©kjh^ghklb d [h]hkeh\bxª b l i ijba\Zgbx M Kdh\hjh^u fukev h[ hij_^_eyxs_c jheb kjh^gh]h ljm^Z \ h[_ki_q_gbb kqZkleb\hc `bagb \i_j\u_ ijbh[j_eZ agZq_gb_ h[s_]h ijbgpbiZ \ j_r_gbb ijh[e_fu kfukeZ q_eh\_q_kdh]h [ulby Kjh^ghklv ijba\Zgb_ b _klv bklbgguc [h] \ q_eh\_d_ Kdh\hjh^Z jZaebqZ_l ijhp_kk ljm^Z b _]h j_amevlZl GZkeZ`^_gb_ ijhp_kkhf ihlj_[e_gby g_ y\ey_lky bklbgguf q_eh\_q_kdbf gZkeZ`^_gb_f Bklbggh_ m^h\hevkl\b_ \ gZkeZ`^_gbb kZfbf ijhp_kkhf ljm^Z Z _]h ijbghkbl lhevdh kjh^guc ljm^ LZdbf h[jZahf Kdh\hjh^Z \i_j\u_ \ hl_q_kl\_gghc nbehkhnbb klZ\bl ijh[e_fm ij_\jZs_gby ljm^Z \ ihlj_[ghklv q_eh\_dZ b \ \ukr__ gZkeZ`^_gb_

KqZklv_ Kdh\hjh^Z k\yau\Z_l k qm\kl\Zfb [eZ]h^Zjghklb ex[\b ^jm`[u dhlhju_ \hagbdZxl \ke_^kl\b_ kjh^ghklb HkhagZ\ k\hx aZ\bkbfhklv hl ijbjh^u hij_^_eb\ k\hx f_jm kqZklvy b kfbjb\rbkv k g_c q_eh\_d ihemqZ_l kZfh_ [hevrh_ gZkeZ`^_gb_ hl m^h\e_l\hj_gby gZb[he__ g_h[oh^bfuo ihlj_[ghkl_c

LZdbf h[jZahf \haaj_gby ijhn_kkhjh\ Db_\h Fh]beygkdhc ZdZ^_fbb b = K Kdh\hjh^u hdZaZeb \ebygb_ gZ \k_ ihke_^mxs__ jZa\blb_ g_ lhevdh mdjZbgkdhc gh b jmkkdhc nbehkhnbb H[jZs_gghklv d q_eh\_dm d _]h \gmlj_gg_fm fbjm ijh[e_f_ kqZklvy kfukeZ `bagb ihemqbeb ^Zevg_cr__ jZa\blb_ \ ©nbehkhnbb k_j^pZª I > Xjd_\bqZ < K Kheh\v_\Z G : ;_j^y_\Z l_f kZfuf mdj_ib\ ]mfZgbklbq_kdmx ljZ^bpbx hl_q_kl\_ggh]h nbehkhnkl\h\Zgby k _]h djblbq_kdbf hlghr_gb_f d aZiZ^gh_\jhi_ckdhfm jZpbhgZebafm

JZa\blb_ nbehkhnkdhc fukeb \ MdjZbg_ \ O1O ± OO \_dZo

G_ihkj_^kl\_gguf ijh^he`Zl_e_f b^_c = K Kdh\hjh^u klZe IZgnbe >Zgbeh\bq Xjd_\bq Xjd_\bq hlklZb\Z_l b^_x p_ehklghklb q_eh\_q_kdh]h ^moZ dhlhjZy g_ k\h^blky ebrv d jZamfm Hg ^hdZau\Z_l qlh fure_gb_ g_ bkq_jiu\Z_l \k_c iheghlu ^moh\ghc `bagb q_eh\_dZ ± \ wlhf hg \b^bl g_^hklZlhd jZpbhgZebafZ dhlhjuc iheZ]Z_l qlh fure_gb_ _klv kZfZy kmsghklv ^mrb Z \hex b qm\kl\h\Zgb_ k_j^pZ ijh\ha]eZrZ_l ebrv \b^hbaf_g_gbyfb fure_gby Ih fg_gbx nbehkhnZ aZ^Zqb dhlhju_

43

ijbagZgh j_rZlv fure_gb_ bkoh^yl \ dhg_qghf kq_l_ hl kdehgghkl_c b lj_[h\Zgbc k_j^pZ

>ey nbehkhnbb I > Xjd_\bqZ oZjZdl_j_g dhj^hp_gljbaf hl eZl FDUGLRV ± k_j^p_ LZdh_ ihgbfZgb_ k_j^pZ \hkoh^bl d g_hieZlhgbafm ojbklbZgkdhc nbehkhnbb Z lZd`_ d mdjZbgkdhc nbehkhnbb O9,, ± ;9,,,

\_dh\ B =heylh\kdbc ? Keh\yg_pdbc D KlZ\jh\_pdbc K_j^p_ kh]eZkgh wlhfm mq_gbx wlh b kj_^hlhqb_ \k_c ^moh\ghc `bagb lZd dZd \ g_f jh`^Zxlky gZf_j_gby b `_eZgby j_rbfhklv b \hey k_j^p_ ± wlh lZd`_ \f_klbebs_ ihagZ\Zl_evguo ^_ckl\bc ^mrb p_glj gjZ\kl\_gghc `bagb q_eh\_dZ k\h_]h jh^Z khklhygb_ b \_dlhj dhlhju_ ijb^Zxl p_evghklv khagZgbx ³?keb k\_l agZgby ^he`_g k^_eZlvky l_iehlhx b `bagvx ^moZ hlf_qZ_l Xjd_\bq hg ^he`_g ijhgbdgmlv ^h k_j^pZ ]^_ [u hg fh] \hclb \ p_ehklgh_ gZkljh_gb_ ^mrb LZd _keb bklbgZ iZ^Z_l gZf gZ k_j^p_ lh hgZ klZgh\blky gZrbf [eZ]hf gZrbf \gmlj_ggbf khdjh\bs_f Lhevdh aZ wlh

khdjh\bs_ Z g_ aZ hl\e_q_ggmx fukev q_eh\_d fh`_l \klmiZlv \ [hjv[m k h[klhyl_evkl\Zfb b ex^vfb´1.

Dhj^hp_gljbaf dZd mklhcqb\Zy fbjh\haaj_gq_kdZy ihabpby aZdj_ibeZkv \ mdjZbgkdhf jhfZglbaf_ HgZ gZreZ hljZ`_gb_ \ l\hjq_kl\_ G < =h]hey I : DmebrZ L = R_\q_gdh F : FZdkbfh\bqZ ?_ \ebygb_ gZ mdjZbgkdmx dmevlmjm gZklhevdh \_ebdh qlh dhj^hp_gljbq_kdb_ fhlb\u fh`gh h[gZjm`blv \ ebl_jZlmj_ b bkdmkkl\_ MdjZbgu b \ OO \_d_ K_dj_l lZdh]h \ebygby fgh]b_ Z\lhju mkfZljb\Zxl \ khhl\_lkl\bb oZjZdl_jbklbdZf gZpbhgZevghc ikboheh]bb b fbjh\hkijbylby mdjZbgp_\

K_j_^bgZ O,O \_dZ oZjZdl_jbam_lky gZqZehf jZajZ[hldb nbehkhnbb mdjZbgkdhc b^_b dZd l_hj_lbq_kdh]h kZfhkhagZgby mdjZbgkdh]h gZpbhgZevgh]h \hajh`^_gby Hkgh\u mdjZbgkdhc gZpbhgZevghc b^_b [ueb

aZeh`_gu F FZdkbfh\bq_f G =meZdhf G DhklhfZjh\uf I Dmebr_f -

qe_gZfb Dbjbeeh F_nh^b_\kdh]h [jZlkl\Z ± h[s_kl\_ggh iheblbq_kdhc b dmevlmjgh ijhk\_lbl_evkdhc hj]ZgbaZpbb lZcgh kms_kl\h\Z\r_]h \ Db_\_ \

]h^Zo

K Dbjbeeh F_nh^b_\kdbf [jZlkl\hf k\yaZgZ ^_yl_evghklv \_ebdh]h mdjZbgkdh]h ihwlZ b om^h`gbdZ LZjZkZ =jb]hjv_\bqZ R_\q_gdh (1814-1861).

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wdabkl_gpbZevgmx gZijZ\e_gghklv

1 Xjd_\bq I > K_j^p_ b _]h agZq_gb_ \ ^moh\ghc `bagb q_eh\_dZ kh]eZkgh mq_gbx keh\Z

;h`v_]h« Xjd_\bq I > Nbehkhnkdb_ ijhba\_^_gby ± F ± K

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