Добавил:
Upload Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз: Предмет: Файл:

Философия

.pdf
Скачиваний:
5
Добавлен:
03.03.2016
Размер:
1.03 Mб
Скачать

ihagZ\Zl_evguc hilbfbaf kd_ilbpbaf Z]ghklbpbafihagZ\Zl_evguc i_kkbfbaf

IhagZ\Zl_evgu_ hilbfbklu d gbf hlghkylky ij_bfms_kl\_ggh fZl_jbZebklu b h[t_dlb\gu_ b^_Zebklu kqblZxl qlh y\e_gby ^_ckl\bl_evghklb \ kmsghklb ihagZ\Z_fu ohly fbj ± \ kbem k\h_c [_kdhg_qghklb ^h dhgpZ g_ ihagZ\Z_f

Klhjhggbdb kd_ilbpbafZ hl ]j_q. «kd_ilbdhkª bsmsbc

jZkkfZljb\Zxsbc bkke_^mxsbc khfg_\Zxlky \ \hafh`ghklb ihemq_gby ^hklh\_jguo agZgbc h fbj_ Z[khexlbabjmy fhf_gl hlghkbl_evghklb \ bklbgghf agZgbb mdZau\Zy gZ _]h nhjfZevgmx g_^hdZam_fhklv

Ij_^klZ\bl_eb Z]ghklbpbafZ wlh \ hkgh\ghf km[t_dlb\gu_ b^_Zebklu hljbpZxl \hafh`ghklv ihagZgby kmsghklb y\e_gbc :[khexlbabjmy g_kh\_jr_gkl\h qm\kl\_ggh]h \hkijbylby ^_ckl\bl_evghklb Z]ghklbdb \ k\hbo djZcgbo \u\h^Zo ^Z`_ hljbpZxl kms_kl\h\Zgb_ h[t_dlb\ghc j_Zevghklb

<k_ wlb ih^oh^u bf_xl hij_^_ezggh_ l_hj_lbq_kdh_ h[hkgh\Zgb_ Gh j_rZxsbfb Zj]mf_glZfb \ ihevam ihagZ\Zl_evgh]h hilbfbafZ y\eyxlky jZa\blb_ h[s_kl\_gghc ijZdlbdb b fZl_jbZevgh]h ijhba\h^kl\Z mki_ob wdki_jbf_glZevgh]h _kl_kl\hagZgby ih^l\_j`^Zxsb_ bklbgghklv agZgby L_hj_lbdh ihagZ\Zl_evgZy kblmZpby bf__l k\hx kljmdlmjm \dexqZxsmx km[t_dl b h[t_dl ihagZgby Z lZd`_ ©ihkj_^gbdZª k\yau\Zxs_]h bo \ _^bguc ijhp_kk

Km[t_dlhf ihagZgby y\ey_lky hl^_evguc bg^b\b^ dhee_dlb\ bkke_^h\Zl_e_c beb h[s_kl\h \ p_ehf hkms_kl\eyxsb_ p_e_gZijZ\e_ggmx ihagZ\Zl_evgmx ^_yl_evghklv < khagZgbb km[t_dlZ gZoh^ylky \ _^bgkl\_ h[s_kl\_ggh_ agZgby b hiul q_eh\_q_kl\Z \ ^Zgghc h[eZklb bkke_^h\Zgby mk\h_gguc km[t_dlhf b bg^b\b^mZevgh_ ki_pbnbq_kdb_ \jh`^_ggu_ b \hkiblZggu_ dZq_kl\Z km[t_dlZ

H[t_dl ihagZgby ± wlh lZ qZklv ^_ckl\bl_evghklb gZ dhlhjmx gZijZ\e_gZ ihagZ\Zl_evgZy Zdlb\ghklv km[t_dlZ <u^_eyxl lZd`_ ij_^f_l ihagZgby dZd hl^_evgmx klhjhgm h[t_dlZ H[t_dlZfb ihagZgby fh]ml [ulv kZf km[t_dl agZgb_ b ihagZgb_

Km[t_dl b h[t_dl ihagZgby gZoh^ylky \ g_jZaju\ghf _^bgkl\_ \aZbfh^_ckl\my ^jm] k ^jm]hf :dlb\ghc klhjhghc \uklmiZ_l km[t_dl ba[bjZxsbc h[t_dl b ij_^f_l bkke_^h\Zgby hj]Zgbamxsbc wlhl ijhp_kk nbdkbjmxsbc j_amevlZlu ihagZgby b bkihevamxsbc bo gZ ijZdlbd_ H[t_dl k\hbfb k\hckl\Zfb b klhjhgZfb ij_^hij_^_ey_l \u[hj _]h km[t_dlhf Z lZd`_ ©lj_[m_lª khhl\_lkl\mxsbo _fm f_lh^h\ b kj_^kl\ ihagZgby

QZs_ \k_]h \ ijhp_kk_ ihagZgby km[t_dl b h[t_dl \aZbfh^_ckl\mxl g_ g_ihkj_^kl\_ggh Z hihkj_^h\Zggh \ k\yab k q_f \klZ_l ijh[e_fZ ©]ghk_heh]bq_kdh]h ihkj_^gbdZª ©Km[t_dl g_ fh`_l \ha^_ckl\h\Zlv gZ h[t_dl bgZq_ dZd ij_^f_lguf h[jZahf hlf_qZ_l N < EZaZj_\ Wlh agZqbl qlh \ k\h_f jZkihjy`_gbb hg ^he`_g bf_lv kbkl_fm fZl_jbZevguo ihkj_^gbdh\ k\hbo \ha^_ckl\bc gZ ihagZ\Z_fuc h[t_dl ± jmdb hjm^by ljm^Z baf_jbl_evgu_ bgkljmf_glu obfbq_kdb_ j_Zdlb\u mkdhjbl_eb qZklbp

141

<hkijbylb_
\hkijbylb_ b ij_^klZ\e_gb_
< hsms_gbyo g_ihkj_^kl\_ggh k\hckl\Z h[t_dlZ

wdki_jbf_glZevgu_ mklZgh\db b l ^ Ijh]j_kk ihagZgby [ue [u g_\hafh`_g [_a ihklhyggh]h jZkrbj_gby b mkeh`g_gby wlh]h ©fbjZ ihkj_^gbdh\ª JZ\guf h[jZahf f_oZgbaf \ha^_ckl\by h[t_dlZ gZ km[t_dl ij_^iheZ]Z_l k\hx kbkl_fm ihkj_^gbdh\ ± k_gkhjgZy bgnhjfZpby jZaebqgu_ agZdh\u_ kbkl_fu b ij_`^_ \k_]h q_eh\_q_kdbc yaud <h \lhjhc iheh\bg_ OO \ fbj

ihkj_^gbdh\ ]b]Zglkdb jZkrbjbeky aZ kq_l bkihevah\Zgby dhfivxl_jghc l_ogbdb kbkl_fu Bgl_jg_l b l iª1.

LZdbf h[jZahf h[t_dl km[t_dl b ]ghk_heh]bq_kdbc ihkj_^gbdf_^bZlhj \aylu_ \ _^bgkl\_ khklZ\eyxl bkoh^gmx ]ghk_heh]bq_kdmx kblmZpbx JZa\_jlu\Zgb_ wlhc kblmZpbb ghkbl l\hjq_kdb Zdlb\guc oZjZdl_j ijhy\eyxsbcky \ ihklb`_gbb qm\kl\_ggh g_ \hkijbgbfZ_fhc kmsghklb y\e_gbc \ l_hj_lbq_kdhf \ujZ`_gbb ihemq_ggh]h agZgby b b^_glbnbdZpbb wlh]h agZgby k ihagZ\Z_fuf h[t_dlhf \ ijbf_g_gbb jZaghh[jZaguo f_lh^h\ b kj_^kl\ ihagZgby \ bkihevah\Zgbb j_amevlZlh\ ihagZgby

>bZe_dlbdZ ijhp_kkZ ihagZgby IjZdlbdZ b _z jhev \ ijhp_kk_ ihagZgby < aZ\bkbfhklb hl lh]h dZdb_ kihkh[ghklb \ hkgh\ghf ijbf_gy_l

km[t_dl gZ lhf beb bghf wlZi_ ihagZgby fh`gh \u^_eblv qm\kl\_ggmx,

jZpbhgZevgmx b bglmblb\gmx klmi_gb ihagZgby Hgb jZaebqZxlky dZd nhjfZfb hljZ`_gby lZd b jhevx \ ijhp_kk_ ihagZgby

Bkoh^ghc klmi_gvx ihagZgby y\ey_lky qm\kl\_ggh_ ihagZgb_ \ dhlhjhf h[t_dl ihagZ_lky ]eZ\guf h[jZahf ihkj_^kl\hf hj]Zgh\ qm\kl\ Hj]Zgu qm\kl\ ± wlh g_ihkj_^kl\_gguc dZgZe k\yab km[t_dlZ k ^_ckl\bl_evghklvx q_j_a dhlhjuc hg ihemqZ_l i_j\bqgmx bgnhjfZpbx h[ h[t_dl_

Hkgh\gufb nhjfZfb qm\kl\_ggh]h ihagZgby \uklmiZxl hsms_gb_

hljZ`Zxlky hl^_evgu_ klhjhgu

± wlh p_ehklgh_ hljZ`_gb_ h[t_dlZ hj]ZgZfb qm\kl\ ij_^klZ\eyxs__ kh[hc _^bgkl\h \k_o hsms_gbc

Ij_^klZ\e_gby ± wlh qm\kl\_ggh gZ]ey^gu_ h[jZau h[t_dlh\ dhlhju_ khojZgyxlky b \hkkha^Zxlky \ khagZgbb q_eh\_dZ \g_ g_ihkj_^kl\_ggh]h \ha^_ckl\by h[t_dlh\ gZ hj]Zgu qm\kl\ <hagbdgh\_gb_ ij_^klZ\e_gbc ijhbkoh^bl gZ hkgh\_ iZfylb lh _klv kihkh[ghklb ikbobdb khojZgylv b \hkijhba\h^blv ijhreuc hiul km[t_dlZ

D nhjfZf qm\kl\_ggh]h ihagZgby fh`gh hlg_klb b qm\kl\_ggh_ \hh[jZ`_gb_ aZdexqZxs__ky \ kihkh[ghklb kha^Z\Zlv gh\u_ h[jZau gZ hkgh\_ ij_^u^ms_]h hiulZ

JZpbhgZevgZy klmi_gv ihagZgby hkgh\ZgZ gZ Z[kljZdlghf fure_gbb,

ij_^klZ\eyxs_f kh[hc p_e_gZijZ\e_ggh_ hihkj_^h\Zggh_ b h[h[s_ggh_ hljZ`_gb_ q_eh\_dhf kms_kl\_gguo k\hckl\ b hlghr_gbc \_s_c

1 EZaZj_\ N < Ljbnhgh\Z F D Nbehkhnby Mq_[gh_ ihkh[b_ ± Kbfn_jhihev KHG:L

± K

142

:[kljZdlgh_ fure_gb_ gZau\Zxl lZd`_ eh]bq_kdbf ihkdhevdm hgh nmgdpbhgbjm_l ih aZdhgZf eh]bdb gZmdb h fure_gbb

Hkgh\gufb nhjfZfb Z[kljZdlgh]h fure_gby y\eyxlky ihgylb_ km`^_gb_ b mfhaZdexq_gb_

Ihgylb_ nhjfZ fukeb \ujZ`ZxsZy kh\hdmighklv gZb[he__ kms_kl\_gguo ijbagZdh\ h[t_dlZ < yaudh\hc nhjf_ ihgylby aZdj_ieyxlky \ keh\Zo < ex[hc gZmd_ keh`beky b nmgdpbhgbjm_l kh[kl\_gguc ihgylbcguc ZiiZjZl ©lhqdZª ©ijyfZyª ©iehkdhklvª \ ]_hf_ljbb ©l_ehª ©fZkkZª ©wg_j]byª \ nbabd_ ©Zlhfª ©fhe_dmeZª ©j_Zdpbyª \ obfbb ©jughdª ©lh\Zjª ©ljm^ª \ wdhghfbd_ ©Ze]hjblfª ©nhjfZebah\Zgguc yaudª ©bgl_jn_ckª \ bgnhjfZlbd_ b l ^

Km`^_gb_ nhjfZ fure_gby \ dhlhjhc ihkj_^kl\hf ihgylbc qlh eb[h ml\_j`^Z_lky beb hljbpZ_lky h[ h[t_dl_ < yaud_ ex[h_ \ukdZau\Zgb_keh\hkhq_lZgb_ b ijhklh_ ij_^eh`_gb_ y\ey_lky ijbf_jhf km`^_gbc GZijbf_j ©\k_ f_lZeeu ± ijh\h^gbdb we_dljbq_kl\Zª ©agZgb_ ± kbeZª ©fukex ke_^h\Zl_evgh kms_kl\mxª b l ^

MfhaZdexq_gb_ ij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc nhjfm fure_gby \ dhlhjhc ba g_kdhevdbo km`^_gbc \u\h^blky gh\h_ km`^_gb_ kh^_j`Zs__ gh\h_ agZgb_ LZd ij_^klZ\e_gb_ h lhf qlh A_fey bf__l nhjfm rZjZ [ueh ihemq_gh \

^j_\ghklb gZ hkgh\_ mfhaZdexq_gby

\k_ rZjhh[jZagu_ l_eZ hl[jZku\Zxl l_gv \ nhjf_ ^bkdZ

\h \j_fy emgguo aZlf_gbc A_fey hl[jZku\Z_l gZ Emg_ l_gv \ nhjf_ ^bkdZ Ke_^h\Zl_evgh A_fey ± rZjhh[jZagh_ l_eh

JZpbhgZevgh_ ihagZgb_ g_jZaju\gh k\yaZgh k qm\kl\_gguf gh b]jZ_l \_^msmx jhev \ ijhp_kk_ ihagZgby Wlh ijhy\ey_lky \h i_j\uo \ lhf qlh bklbggh_ agZgb_ gZ mjh\g_ kmsghklb b aZdhgZ nhjfmebjm_lky b h[hkgh\u\Z_lky gZ jZpbhgZevghc klmi_gb ihagZgby \h \lhjuo qm\kl\_ggh_ ihagZgb_ \k_]^Z ©mijZ\ey_lkyª fure_gb_f

Fgh]b_ mq_gu_ hlf_qZeb qlh \Z`gmx jhev \ ijhp_kk_ ihagZgby b]jZ_l bglmbpby lh _klv kihkh[ghklv ihklb`_gby bklbgu iml_f ijyfh]h __ mkfhlj_gby [_a qm\kl\_ggh]h b eh]bq_kdh]h h[hkgh\Zgby Bglmbpby hkgh\ZgZ gZ g_hkhagZgguo dhf[bgbjh\Zgbb b i_j_jZ[hld_ gZdhie_gguo Z[kljZdpbc h[jZah\ b ijZ\be \ p_eyo j_r_gby hij_^_e_gghc aZ^Zqb

Hkgh\gufb lbiZfb bglmbpbb y\eyxlky qm\kl\_ggZy, bgl_ee_dlmZevgZy b

fbklbq_kdZy.

Ih \hijhkm h jheb f_kl_ b khhlghr_gbb qm\kl\_ggh]h b jZpbhgZevgh]h \ ihagZgbb \ bklhjbb nbehkhnbb keh`bebkv ^\Z ijhlb\hiheh`guo l_q_gby ± k_gkmZebaf b jZpbhgZebaf K_gkmZebklu kqblZeb qm\kl\_ggh_ ihagZgb_ hkgh\ghc nhjfhc ^hklb`_gby bklbggh]h agZgby jZkkfZljb\Zy fure_gb_ ebrv dhebq_kl\_gguf ijh^he`_gb_f qm\kl\_ggh]h ihagZgby JZpbhgZebklu klj_fbebkv ^hdZaZlv qlh \k_h[sb_ b g_h[oh^bfu_ bklbgu fh]ml [ulv \u\_^_gu lhevdh ba kZfh]h fure_gby Qm\kl\_gguf ^Zgguf hl\h^beZkv ebrv kemqZcgZy jhev DZd \b^bf h[Z wlb l_q_gby kljZ^Zeb h^ghklhjhgghklvx \f_klh lh]h qlh[u ijbagZlv g_h[oh^bfhklv b \aZbfh^hihegy_fhklv qm\kl\_gghc b jZpbhgZevghc klmi_g_c ihagZgby

143

< bklhjbb nbehkhnbb ^h\hevgh jZkijhkljZg_gguf l_q_gb_f y\ey_lky lZd`_ bglmblb\baf kqblZxsbc bglmbpbx ]eZ\guf h[jZahf bgl_ee_dlmZevgmx hkgh\guf kj_^kl\hf ^hklb`_gby bklbgu \ hlju\_ hl qm\kl\_gghc b jZpbhgZevghc klmi_g_c ihagZgby K\yau\Zy bglmbpbx k ©jZ[hlhcª ih^khagZgby bglmblb\bklu aZ[u\Zxl qlh hkgh\gh_ kh^_j`Zgb_ ih^khagZl_evgh]h bf__l k\hbfb bklhqgbdZfb qm\kl\_ggh_ hljZ`_gb_ b fure_gb_

Ijhp_kk ihagZgby h[mkeh\e_g h[s_kl\_gghc ijZdlbdhc ih^ dhlhjhc

ihgbfZ_lky fZl_jbZevgZy qm\kl\_ggh ij_^f_lgZy p_e_gZijZ\e_ggZy ^_yl_evghklv ex^_c ih ij_h[jZah\Zgbx ijbjh^u b h[s_kl\Z ^ey m^h\e_l\hj_gby k\hbo ihlj_[ghkl_c Ih hlghr_gbx d ihagZgbx ijZdlbdZ

y\ey_lky bklhqgbdhf hkgh\hc b ^\b`ms_c kbehc ihagZgby ihkdhevdm

klZ\bl i_j_^ gbf ihagZ\Zl_evgu_ aZ^Zqb ^Zzl nZdlbq_kdbc fZl_jbZe ^ey h[h[s_gbc b kj_^kl\Z ^ey ihagZgby dhg_qghc p_evx ihagZgby lZd dZd \ ijZdlbd_ fZl_jbZebamxlky ^h[ulu_ agZgby djbl_jb_f ©f_jbehfª bklbgghklb ihemqZ_fuo agZgbc qlh ijhy\ey_lky ij_`^_ \k_]h \ fZl_jbZevghf ijhba\h^kl\_ b wdki_jbf_gl_

<gmlj_gg_c g_h[oh^bfhc klhjhghc ijZdlbdb \uklmiZ_l l_hjby,

h[hagZqZxsZy \ rbjhdhf kfuke_ b^_Zevgh_ hljZ`_gb_ ^_ckl\bl_evghklb \kx kh\hdmighklv agZgbc dhlhjmx ijZdlbdZ klj_fblky bkihevah\Zlv L_hjby b ijZdlbdZ gZoh^ylky \ g_jZaju\ghf _^bgkl\_ ^jm] k ^jm]hf b g_ fh]ml kms_kl\h\Zlv h^gZ [_a ^jm]hc ©IjZdlbdZ [_a l_hjbb ke_iZ Z l_hjby [_a ijZdlbdb f_jl\Zª ]eZkbl ba\_klguc Znhjbaf

IhagZgb_ \ghky gh\u_ agZgby \ l_hjbx l_f kZfuf h[h]ZsZ_l ijZdlbdm kihkh[kl\m_l _z ^Zevg_cr_fm ijh]j_kkb\ghfm ij_h[jZah\Zgbx

Mq_gb_ h[ bklbg_ Ijh[e_fZ djbl_jby bklbgu G_ihkj_^kl\_gghc

p_evx ihagZgby y\ey_lky ^hklb`_gb_ bklbgu ih^ dhlhjhc ihgbfZ_lky agZgb_ khhl\_lkl\mxs__ ^_ckl\bl_evghklb K lhqdb aj_gby ^bZe_dlbq_kdh]h fZl_jbZebafZ ©khhl\_lkl\b_ª hagZqZ_l kmsghklgh_ kh\iZ^_gb_ kh^_j`Zgby agZgby k h[t_dlhf Z ©^_ckl\bl_evghklvª ± wlh ij_`^_ \k_]h h[t_dlb\gZy j_Zevghklv fZl_jby

BklbgZ ghkbl h[t_dlb\gh±km[t_dlb\guc oZjZdl_j ?z h[t_dlb\ghklv aZdexqZ_lky \ g_aZ\bkbfhklb __ kh^_j`Zgby hl ihagZxs_]h km[t_dlZ Km[t_dlb\ghklv bklbgu ijhy\ey_lky \ __ \ujZ`_gbb km[t_dlhf \ nhjf_ dhlhjmx _c ijb^Z_l lhevdh km[t_dl

Ih^h[gh ihagZgbx \ p_ehf bklbgZ ± wlh [_kdhg_qguc ijhp_kk jZa\blby m`_ bf_xs_]hky agZgby h dhgdj_lghf h[t_dl_ beb h fbj_ \ p_ehf dh \kz [he__ iheghfm b lhqghfm agZgbx ihklhyggh jZa\b\ZxsZyky kbkl_fZ l_hj_lbq_kdh]h agZgby

>ey oZjZdl_jbklbdb ijhp_kkmZevghc ijbjh^u bklbgu ijbf_gyxlky ihgylby h[t_dlb\ghc Z[khexlghc hlghkbl_evghc dhgdj_lghc b Z[kljZdlghc bklbgu

:[khexlghklv bklbgu hagZqZ_l \h i_j\uo ihegh_ b lhqgh_ agZgb_ h[ h[t_dl_ qlh y\ey_lky g_^hklb`bfuf ]ghk_heh]bq_kdbf b^_Zehf \h \lhjuo

144

lh kh^_j`Zgb_ agZgby dhlhjh_ \ hij_^_e_gguo ]jZgbpZo ihagZgby h[t_dlZ gbdh]^Z g_ fh`_l [ulv hijh\_j]gmlh \ [m^ms_f

Hlghkbl_evghklv bklbgu \ujZ`Z_l __ g_iheghlm g_aZ\_jr_gghklv ijb[ebabl_evghklv ijb\yadm d hij_^_e_gguf ]jZgbpZf ihklb`_gby h[t_dlZ Kms_kl\mxl ^\_ djZcgb_ lhqdb aj_gby gZ Z[khexlghklv b hlghkbl_evghklv bklbgu Wlh ^h]fZlbaf ij_m\_ebqb\Zxsbc fhf_gl

Z[khexlghklb b j_eylb\baf Z[khexlbabjmxsbc hlghkbl_evghklv bklbgu Ex[h_ bklbggh_ agZgb_ \k_]^Z hij_^_ey_lky ^Zggufb mkeh\byfb

f_klhf \j_f_g_f ^jm]bfb h[klhyl_evkl\Zfb dhlhju_ ihagZgb_ ^he`gh mq_klv dZd fh`gh iheg__ K\yav bklbgu k hij_^_e_ggufb dhgdj_lgufb mkeh\byfb \ dhlhjuo hgZ ^_ckl\m_l h[hagZqZ_lky ihgylb_f dhgdj_lghc bklbgu <f_kl_ k l_f \ ihagZgbb g_ \k_]^Z m^Z_lky \uy\blv \kx iheghlm mkeh\bc ^ey dhlhjuo ^ZggZy bklbgZ [ueZ [u ijbf_gbfhc Ihwlhfm ^ey agZgby mkeh\by \uy\e_gby bklbgghklb dhlhjh]h g_ ^hklZlhqgh ihegu mihlj_[ey_lky ihgylb_ Z[kljZdlghc bklbgu Ijb baf_g_gbb mkeh\bc ijbf_g_gby Z[kljZdlgZy bklbgZ fh`_l ij_\jZsZlvky \ dhgdj_lgmx b gZh[hjhl

< ijhp_kk_ ihagZgby km[t_dl fh`_l ijbgbfZlv g_bklbggh_ agZgb_ aZ bklbgm b gZh[hjhl bklbgm aZ g_bklbggh_ agZgb_ Wlh g_khhl\_lkl\b_ agZgby

^_ckl\bl_evghklb \u^Z\Z_fh_ aZ bklbgm gZau\Z_lky aZ[em`^_gb_f.

Ihke_^g__ ± ihklhygguc kimlgbd ijhp_kkZ ihagZgby b f_`^m gbf b bklbghc g_l Z[khexlghc ]jZgbpu hgZ \k_]^Z ih^\b`gZ ?keb fu m[_^bebkv qlh ^Zggh_ agZgb_ ± aZ[em`^_gb_ lh wlhl nZdl klZgh\blky m`_ bklbghc ohly b hljbpZl_evghc Ih keh\Zf =_]_ey aZ[em`^_gb_ g_ fh`_l [ulv g_bklbghc \hh[s_ lZd dZd hgh _klv nZdl agZgby wlh h[hehqdZ \ dhlhjhc \uklmiZ_l bklbgZ Ihwlhfm \Z`gh g_ ijhklh dhgklZlbjh\Zlv aZ[em`^_gb_ Z mklZgh\blv dZd hgh ihy\ey_lky h[gZjm`blv \ g_f g_h[oh^bfuc fhf_gl jZa\blby bklbgu

H^ghc ba hkgh\guo ijh[e_f l_hjbb ihagZgby y\ey_lky \hijhk h djbl_jbb bklbgu l _ h lhf qlh \uklmiZ_l f_jbehf bklbgghklb agZgby < bklhjbb nbehkhnbb \u^\b]Zebkv jZaebqgu_ djbl_jbb bklbgu mf b bglmbpby IeZlhg qm\kl\_ggu_ ^Zggu_ b gZmqguc wdki_jbf_gl N ;wdhg ; KibghaZ D =_ev\_pbc > >b^jh F < Ehfhghkh\ kZfhhq_\b^ghklv g_ijhlb\hj_qb\hklv b \aZbfgZy kh]eZkh\Zgghklv \k_o agZgbc J >_dZjl khhl\_lkl\b_ \_sb ihgylbx = =_]_ev ihevaZ M >`_cfk h[s_agZqbfhklvW FZo dhg\_gpby kh]eZr_gby f_`^m mq_gufb g_hihablb\bklu gjZ\kl\_gghklv B < Dbjb_\kdbc < K Kheh\v_\ Hlkx^Z \b^gh qlh djbl_jbyfb bklbgu fh]ml [ulv b qm\kl\_ggu_ ^Zggu_ b bgl_ee_dl b bglmbpby b `bl_ckdbc hiul ex^_c b ljZ^bpbb b Z\lhjbl_lu b l ^ <f_kl_ k l_f ij_^klZ\ey_lky qlh gZb[he__ ij_^ihqlbl_evguf djbl_jb_f bklbgu \\_^_gguf \ l_hjbx ihagZgby D FZjdkhf b N Wg]_evkhf y\ey_lky h[s_kl\_ggZy ijZdlbdZ HgZ h[eZ^Z_l k\hckl\hf g_ihkj_^kl\_gghc ^_ckl\bl_evghklb ghkbl qm\kl\bl_evgh ij_^f_lguc oZjZdl_j y\ey_lky kn_jhc j_ZebaZpbb agZgbc \u\h^bl km[t_dlZ aZ jZfdb mfhajbl_evgh]h ihagZgby \ fbj fZl_jbZevghc ^_yl_evghklb IjZdlbdZ y\ey_lky dhfie_dkguf

145

b \ukrbf djbl_jb_f bklbgu \dexqZxsbf \ lhc beb bghc kl_i_gb \k_ ^jm]b_ djbl_jbb Bf_ggh ihwlhfm hgZ ± dhg_qguc Z[khexlguc djbl_jbc bklbgu

H[s_kl\_ggZy ijZdlbdZ dZ`^h]h bklhjbq_kdh]h wlZiZ jZa\blby h[s_kl\Z ± dZd djbl_jbc bklbgu ± \uklmiZ_l Z[khexlghc ih hlghr_gbx d ij_^u^ms_fm wlZim b hlghkbl_evghc ih hlghr_gbx d ihke_^mxs_fm

IjZdlbdZ lZd `_ dZd b bklbgZ _klv ijhp_kk G_h[oh^bfh jZkkfZljb\Zlv h[s_kl\_ggmx ijZdlbdm bklhjbq_kdb kms_kl\m_l ijZdlbdZ ©\q_jZrg_]h ^gyª k_]h^gyrgyy ijZdlbdZ [m^ms_]h Hlkx^Z fh`gh ]h\hjblv h[ Z[khexlghklb b hlghkbl_evghklb ijZdlbdb dZd djbl_jby bklbgu Hlghkbl_evghklv dhgdj_lgh bklhjbq_kdhc ijZdlbdb dZd djbl_jby bklbgu ijhy\ey_lky b \ lhf qlh hgZ g_ \k_]^Z fh`_l ih^l\_j^blv beb hijh\_j]gmlv l_ beb bgu_ b^_b beb l_hjbb \ kbem k\h_c h]jZgbq_gghklb

Ihgylb_ gZmdb Nhjfu b f_lh^u gZmqgh]h ihagZgby <ukrbf mjh\g_f ihagZ\Zl_evghc ^_yl_evghklb q_eh\_dZ y\ey_lky gZmqgh_ ihagZgb_

GZmdZ ± wlh ki_pbnbq_kdZy kn_jZ q_eh\_q_kdhc ^_yl_evghklb

gZijZ\e_ggZy gZ ijhba\h^kl\h kbkl_fZlbaZpbx b bkihevah\Zgb_ h[t_dlb\guo agZgbc h ^_ckl\bl_evghklb GZmdZ \dexqZ_l \ k_[y dZd

^_yl_evghklv gZp_e_ggmx gZ ihemq_gb_ gh\h]h agZgby lZd b j_amevlZl wlhc ^_yl_evghklb ± bklbggu_ agZgby

;m^mqb fgh]hZki_dlguf y\e_gb_f gZmdZ fh`_l [ulv jZkkfhlj_gZ \ ke_^mxsbo jZdmjkZo dZd nhjfZ ^_yl_evghklb dZd kbkl_fZ b kh\hdmighklv ^bkpbiebgZjguo agZgbc dZd khpbZevguc bgklblml DZd ^_yl_evghklv gZmdZ ihf_s_gZ \ ihe_ p_e_iheZ]Zgby \u[hjZ ijbgylbc j_r_gbc hl\_lkl\_gghklb Kj_^b hkh[_gghkl_c gZmqghc ^_yl_evghklb < < Bevbg gZau\Z_l mgb\_jkZevghklv mgbdZevghklv i_jkhgbnbpbjh\Zgghklv ^bkpbiebgbjh\Zgghklv ^_fhdjZlbaf dhffmgbdZ[_evghklv

GZmdm oZjZdl_jbamxl hlghkbl_evgZy kZfhklhyl_evghklv b \gmlj_ggyy eh]bdZ jZa\blby kihkh[u f_lh^u ihagZgby b j_ZebaZpbb b^_c Z lZd`_ khpbZevgh ikboheh]bq_kdb_ hkh[_gghklb h[t_dlb\gh kmsghklgh]h

\hkijbylby ^_ckl\bl_evghklb lh _klv klbev gZmqgh]h fure_gby.

GZmqgh_ ihagZgb_ ij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc jZagh\b^ghklv km[t_dlgh h[t_dlguo hlghr_gbc ]eZ\ghc kmsghklghc q_jlhc dhlhjuo \uklmiZ_l gZmqgZy jZpbhgZevghklv JZpbhgZevghklv ihagZxs_]h km[t_dlZ gZoh^bl k\h_ \ujZ`_gb_ \ Zi_eeypbb d ^h\h^Zf jZamfZ b hiulZ \ eh]bdh f_lh^heh]bq_kdhc mihjy^hq_gghklb ijhp_kkZ fure_gby \ \ha^_ckl\bb gZ gZmqgh_ l\hjq_kl\h kms_kl\mxsbo b^_Zeh\ b ghjf gZmdb

GZmqgh_ ihagZgb_ bf_y h[sb_ q_jlu k ^jm]bfb ± \g_gZmqgufb nhjfZfb ihagZgby h[eZ^Z_l lZd`_ k\hbfb hkh[_gghklyfb <h i_j\uo gZmdZ bf__l ^_eh k hkh[ufb h[t_dlZfb g_ k\h^bfufb d h[t_dlZf h[u^_ggh]h hiulZ <h \lhjuo gZmdZ bf__l k\hc ihgylbcguc yaud < lj_lvbo gZmqgh_ ihagZgb_ k\yaZgh kh ki_pbZevghc kbkl_fhc ihagZ\Zl_evguo kj_^kl\ < q_l\_jluo ^ey gZmdb oZjZdl_jgu ki_pbnbq_kdb_ kihkh[u h[hkgh\Zgby bklbgghklb agZgby < iyluo gZmqgh_ agZgb_ kbkl_fgh b ^hdZaZl_evgh

146

=h\hjy h gZmd_ \ __ jZaebqguo ijhy\e_gbyo fh`gh \u^_eblv _^bguc dhfie_dk djbl_jb_\ gZmqgh]h ihagZgby dhlhjuc \dexqZ_l

1. Ij_^f_lghklv <kydZy gZmdZ ij_^f_lgZ ihkdhevdm hgZ \k_]^Z

gZijZ\e_gZ gZ \uy\e_gb_ ij_^f_lguo k\ya_c b aZ\bkbfhkl_c l_o \_s_c b ijhp_kkh\ dhlhju_ khklZ\eyxl h[eZklv __ ijbhjbl_lh\

2.H[t_dlb\ghklv. Wlh hagZqZ_l qlh \k_ ij_^f_lu b bo hlghr_gby ^he`gu [ulv ihagZgu lZdbfb dZdb_ hgb _klv gZ kZfhf ^_e_ [_a ijb\g_k_gby \ gbo q_]h eb[h km[t_dlb\gh]h beb k\_joijbjh^gh]h;

3.JZpbhgZevghklv h[hkgh\Zgghklv ^hdZaZl_evghklv Djbl_jb_f

^hklh\_jghklb klZgh\blky jZamf Z kihkh[Zfb _z ^hklb`_gby ± djblbqghklv jZpbhgZevgu_ ijbgpbiu ihagZgby

GZijZ\e_gghklv gZ ihagZgb_ kmsghklb aZdhghf_jghklb h[t_dlZ

Hkh[Zy hj]ZgbaZpby kbkl_fghklv agZgby l _ mihjy^hq_gghklv \ nhjf_ l_hjbb b jZa\zjgmlh]h l_hj_lbq_kdh]h iheh`_gby

6.Ijh\_jy_fhklv ihkj_^kl\hf h[jZs_gby d gZmqghfm gZ[ex^_gbx

wdki_jbf_glm d ijZdlbd_ d bkiulZgbx eh]bdhc gZmqgZy bklbgZ oZjZdl_jbam_l agZgby dhlhju_ \ ijbgpbi_ ijh\_jy_fu <hkijhba\h^bfhklv gZmqguo bklbg q_j_a ijZdlbdm ijb^Zzl bf k\hckl\h h[s_agZqbfhklb

G_ihkj_^kl\_ggufb p_eyfb gZmdb y\eyxlky bkke_^h\Zgb_ hibkZgb_ h[tykg_gb_ ij_^kdZaZgb_ ijhp_kkh\ b y\e_gbc ^_ckl\bl_evghklb khklZ\eyxsbo ij_^f_l __ bamq_gby

GZmqgZy ijh[e_fZlbdZ ijh^bdlh\ZgZ dZd [eb`Zcrbfb lZd b ]jy^msbfb ihlj_[ghklyfb h[s_kl\Z iheblbq_kdbf ijhp_kkhf bgl_j_kZfb khpbZevguo ]jmii wdhghfbq_kdhc dhgtxgdlmjhc mjh\g_f ^moh\guo aZijhkh\ gZjh^Z dmevlmjgufb ljZ^bpbyfb Hl \k_o bguo kihkh[h\ hk\h_gby fbjZ gZmdZ hlebqZ_lky \ujZ[hldhc ki_pbZevgh]h yaudZ ^ey hibkZgby h[t_dlh\ bkke_^h\Zgby b ijhp_^mjhc ^hdZaZl_evkl\Z bklbgghklb j_amevlZlh\ gZmqgh]h ihbkdZ

=h\hjy h \aZbfh^_ckl\bb gZmdb k jZaebqgufb kn_jZfb `bagb h[s_kl\Z fh`gh \u^_eblv ljb ]jmiiu \uihegy_fuo _x khpbZevguo nmgdpbc Wlh \h i_j\uo nmgdpbb dmevlmjgh fbjh\haaj_gq_kdb_ \h \lhjuo nmgdpbb gZmdb dZd g_ihkj_^kl\_gghc ijhba\h^bl_evghc kbeu \ lj_lvbo nmgdpbb gZmdb dZd khpbZevghc kbeu k\yaZgghc k bkihevah\Zgb_f gZmqgh]h agZgby ^ey j_r_gby kZfuo jZaebqguo h[s_kl\_gguo aZ^Zq

GZdhg_p gZmdZ \uklmiZ_l \ dZq_kl\_ f_ju jZa\blhklb kihkh[ghkl_c q_eh\_dZ d l\hjq_kdhfm khab^Zgbx d dhgkljmdlb\gh l_hj_lbq_kdhfm ij_h[jZah\Zgbx ^_ckl\bl_evghklb b kZfh]h k_[y Bgufb keh\Zfb gZmqgZy ^_yl_evghklv ijh^mpbjm_l g_ lhevdh gh\u_ l_ogheh]bb kha^Z_l fZl_jbZeu h[hjm^h\Zgb_ b bgkljmf_glu gh [m^mqb qZklvx ^moh\gh]h ijhba\h^kl\Z iha\hey_l \dexq_gguf \ g__ ex^yf l\hjq_kdb kZfhj_Zebah\Zlvky h[t_dlb\bjh\Zlv b^_b b ]bihl_au h[h]ZsZy l_f kZfuf dmevlmjm

< kljmdlmj_ gZmqgh]h agZgby b ihagZgby \u^_eyxl ^\Z mjh\gy wfibjbq_kdbc b l_hj_lbq_kdbc Wfibjbq_kdbc mjh\_gv ^Z_l agZgb_ aZdhghf_jguo k\ya_c bkoh^y ba ^Zgguo qm\kl\_ggh]h ihagZgby GZ l_hj_lbq_kdhf mjh\g_ bkihevamxl ]eZ\guf h[jZahf jZpbhgZevgu_ nhjfu

147

ihagZgby b ihemqZ_fu_ agZgby ghkyl \k_h[sbc b g_h[oh^bfuc oZjZdl_j H[Z mjh\gy g_h[oh^bfu ^ey ihagZgby gh hij_^_eyxsmx jhev \ kbkl_f_ gZmqgh]h ihagZgby b]jZ_l l_hj_lbq_kdbc mjh\_gv

?^bgkl\h ^\mo mjh\g_c gZmqgh]h agZgby \ul_dZ_l ba ihagZ\Zl_evguo kihkh[ghkl_c km[t_dlZ ihagZgby <f_kl_ k l_f hgh ij_^hij_^_e_gh ^\momjh\g_\uf oZjZdl_jhf nmgdpbhgbjh\Zgby h[t_dlZ y\e_gb_ ± kmsghklv K ^jm]hc klhjhgu mdZaZggu_ mjh\gb hlebqgu ^jm] hl ^jm]Z b wlh hlebqb_ aZ^Z_lky kihkh[hf hljZ`_gby h[t_dlZ km[t_dlhf gZmqgh]h ihagZgby ;_a wdki_jbf_glZevguo ^Zgguo l_hj_lbq_kdb_ agZgby g_ fh]ml bf_lv gZmqghc kbeu lZd `_ dZd b wfibjbq_kdb_ bkke_^h\Zgby g_ fh]ml g_ mqblu\Zlv imlb ijhdeZ^u\Z_fh]h l_hjb_c

Wfibjbq_kdbc mjh\_gv ihagZgby wlh mjh\_gv gZdhie_gby agZgbc b nZdlh\ h[ bkke_^m_fuo h[t_dlZo GZ wlhf mjh\g_ ihagZgby h[t_dl hljZ`_g kh klhjhgu k\ya_c b hlghr_gbc ^hklmiguo kha_jpZgbx b gZ[ex^_gbx

GZ l_hj_lbq_kdhf mjh\g_ ^hklb]Z_lky kbgl_a gZmqgh]h agZgby \ \b^_ gZmqghc l_hjbb L_hj_lbq_kdbc dhgp_ilmZevguc \ k\h_c hkgh\_ mjh\_gv gZmqgh]h agZgby ijba\Zg kbkl_fZlbabjh\Zlv h[tykgblv b ij_^kdZaZlv nZdlu mklZgh\e_ggu_ \ oh^_ wfibjbq_kdh]h bkke_^h\Zgby

NZdl ij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc aZnbdkbjh\Zggh_ wfibjbq_kdh_ agZgb_ b \uklmiZ_l dZd kbghgbf l _ lh`^_kl\_g beb [ebahd ih agZq_gbx ihgylbckh[ulb_ j_amevlZl NZdlu \ gZmd_ \uihegyxl g_ lhevdh jhev bgnhjfZpbhggh]h bklhqgbdZ b wfibjbq_kdhc hkgh\u l_hj_lbq_kdbo jZkkm`^_gbc gh b kem`Zl djbl_jb_f bo ^hklh\_jghklb bklbgghklb < k\hx hq_j_^v l_hjby nhjfbjm_l dhgp_ilmZevgmx hkgh\m nZdlZ \u^_ey_l bamqZ_fuc Zki_dl ^_ckl\bl_evghklb aZ^Z_l yaud gZ dhlhjhf hibku\Zxlky nZdlu ^_l_jfbgbjm_l kj_^kl\Z b f_lh^u wdki_jbf_glZevgh]h bkke_^h\Zgby

GZmqgh_ agZgb_ jZa\hjZqb\Z_lky ih ko_f_ ijh[e_fZ ]bihl_aZ ± l_hjby dZ`^uc we_f_gl dhlhjhc hljZ`Z_l f_jm ijhgbdgh\_gby ihagZxs_]h km[t_dlZ \ kmsghklv h[t_dlh\ gZmdb < wlhf hlghr_gbb fh`gh ]h\hjblv h lhf qlh ijh[e_fZ ]bihl_aZ l_hjby \uklmiZxl nhjfZfb gZmqgh]h

ihagZgby.

IhagZgb_ gZqbgZ_lky k hkhagZgby beb ihklZgh\db ijh[e_fu Ijh[e_fZ

± wlh lh qlh _s_ g_ba\_klgh gh lj_[m_lky ihagZlv wlh \hijhk bkke_^h\Zl_ey d h[t_dlm HgZ ij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc ljm^ghklv ij_]jZ^m \ j_r_gbb ihagZ\Zl_evghc aZ^Zqb ijhlb\hj_qb\h_ mkeh\b_ \hijhkZ aZ^Zqm hkhagZggmx nhjfmebjh\dm bkoh^ghc ihagZ\Zl_evghc kblmZpbb

dhgp_ilmZevguc b^_Zebabjh\Zgguc h[t_dl gZmqghc l_hjbb

\hagbdZxsbc \ oh^_ ihagZgby \hijhk ijZdlbq_kdbc beb l_hj_lbq_kdbc bgl_j_k fhlb\bjmxsbc gZmqguc ihbkd

=bihl_aZ ± wlh gZmqgh_ ^hims_gb_ beb ij_^iheh`_gb_ hlghkbl_evgh kmsghklb h[t_dlZ knhjfmebjh\Zggh_ gZ hkgh\_ jy^Z ba\_klguo nZdlh\ HgZ ijhoh^bl ^\_ klZ^bb \u^\b`_gb_ b ihke_^mxsZy ijh\_jdZ Ih f_j_ lh]h dZd ]bihl_aZ ijh\_jy_lky b h[hkgh\u\Z_lky hgZ fh`_l [ulv hl[jhr_gZ dZd g_khklhyl_evgZy gh fh`_l [ulv b ³hlrebnh\ZgZ´ ^h bklbgghc l_hjbb

148

f_lh^Zf wfibjbq_kdh]h mjh\gy
baf_j_gb_ wdki_jbf_gl

L_hjby wlh nhjfZ gZmqgh]h agZgby ^ZxsZy p_ehklgh_ hlh[jZ`_gb_ kms_kl\_gguo k\ya_c bkke_^m_fh]h h[t_dlZ L_hjby dZd p_ehklgZy jZa\b\ZxsZyky kbkl_fZ agZgbc bf__l lZdmx kljmdlmjm Z Zdkbhfu ijbgpbiu aZdhgu nmg^Zf_glZevgu_ ihgylby [ b^_Zebabjh\Zgguc h[t_dl \ \b^_ Z[kljZdlghc fh^_eb k\ya_c b k\hckl\ h[t_dlZ \ eh]bq_kdb_ ijb_fu b f_lh^u ] aZdhghf_jghklb b ml\_j`^_gby \u\h^bfu_ ba hkgh\guo iheh`_gbc l_hjbb

L_hjby \uihegy_l ke_^mxsb_ nmgdpbb hibkZl_evgmx h[tykgbl_evgmx ijh]ghklbq_kdmx ij_^kdZaZl_evgmx kbgl_lbq_kdmx f_lh^heh]bq_kdmx b ijZdlbq_kdmx

GZmqgZy l_hjby ihihegy_l f_lh^heh]bq_kdbc Zjk_gZe gZmdb \uklmiZy \ \b^_ hij_^_e_ggh]h f_lh^Z ihagZgby Kh\hdmighklv `_ ijbgpbih\ nhjfbjh\Zgby b ijZdlbq_kdh]h ijbf_g_gby f_lh^h\ ihagZgby b ij_h[jZah\Zgby ^_ckl\bl_evghklb b _klv f_lh^heh]by hk\h_gby q_eh\_dhf fbjZ KZfh `_ mq_gb_ h[ Z^_d\Zlghf bkihevah\Zgbb jZaghh[jZaguo

ihagZ\Zl_evguo ijb_fh\ kihkh[h\ b f_lh^h\ gZau\Z_lky f_lh^heh]b_c.

F_lh^ hl ]j_q. «imlvª ij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc kbkl_fm ijbgpbih\

ijb_fh\ b lj_[h\Zgbc dhlhjufb jmdh\h^kl\mxlky \ ijhp_kk_ gZmqgh]h ihagZgby F_lh^ wlh kihkh[ \hkijhba\_^_gby \ fure_gbb bamqZ_fh]h h[t_dlZ

F_lh^u gZmqgh]h ihagZgby ih^jZa^_eyxlky gZ ki_pbZevgu_ (qZklghgZmqgu_ h[s_gZmqgu_ b mgb\_jkZevgu_ nbehkhnkdb_ <

aZ\bkbfhklb hl jheb b f_klZ \ gZmqghf ihagZgbb nbdkbjmxl f_lh^u nhjfZevgu_ b kh^_j`Zl_evgu_ wfibjbq_kdb_ b l_hj_lbq_kdb_ bkke_^h\Zgby b baeh`_gby < gZmd_ bf__l f_klh ih^jZa^_e_gb_ gZ f_lh^u _kl_kl\_gguo b ]mfZgblZjguo gZmd Ki_pbnbdZ i_j\uo f_lh^u nbabdb obfbb [bheh]bb j_Zebam_lky q_j_a h[tykg_gb_ ijbqbggh ke_^kl\_gguo k\ya_c y\e_gbc b ijhp_kkh\ ijbjh^u \lhjuo f_lh^u n_ghf_gheh]bb ]_jf_g_\lbdb kljmdlmjZebafZ ± q_j_a ijhp_^mjm ihgbfZgby kmsghklb [ulby q_eh\_dZ jmdhl\hjgh]h q_eh\_q_kdh]h fbjZ

>bnn_j_gpbjmy mjh\gb gZmqgh]h ihagZgby g_h[oh^bfh hlf_lblv qlh d hlghkylky gZ[ex^_gb_ kjZ\g_gb_

GZ[ex^_gb_ wlh kbkl_fZlbq_kdh_ p_e_gZijZ\e_ggh_ \hkijbylb_ ij_^f_lh\ b y\e_gbc k p_evx \uykg_gby bo hij_^_e_gguo k\hckl\ b hlghr_gbc GZ[ex^_gb_ hkms_kl\ey_lky dZd g_ihkj_^kl\_gguf k ihfhsvx gZrbo hj]Zgh\ qm\kl\ lZd b hihkj_^h\Zggh k ihfhsvx jZaguo ijb[hjh\ b l_ogbq_kdbo mkljhckl\ ± fbdjhkdhi l_e_kdhi nhlh b dbghdZf_jZ dhfivxl_jgu_ lZfh]jZnu b l ^

KjZ\g_gb_ ± wlh ihagZ\Zl_evgZy hi_jZpby e_`ZsZy \ hkgh\_ km`^_gby h koh^kl\_ b jZaebqbb h[t_dlh\ K ihfhsvx kjZ\g_gby \uy\eyxlky dZq_kl\_ggu_ b dhebq_kl\_ggu_ oZjZdl_jbklbdb ij_^f_lh\ KjZ\g_gb_ jZaebqguo ij_^f_lh\ fh`_l [ulv eb[h g_ihkj_^kl\_gguf eb[h hihkj_^h\Zgguf < ihke_^g_f kemqZ_ kjZ\g_gb_ ^\mo ij_^f_lh\ hkms_kl\ey_lky q_j_a bo khhlg_k_gb_ k lj_lbf \uklmiZxsbf \ dZq_kl\_

149

wlZehgZ LZdh_ hihkj_^h\Zggh_ kjZ\g_gb_ ihemqbeh \ gZmd_ gZbf_gh\Zgb_ baf_j_gby

Baf_j_gb_ ± wlh ijhp_^mjZ hij_^_e_gby qbke_ggh]h agZq_gby g_dhlhjhc \_ebqbgu k ihfhsvx hij_^_e_gghc _^bgbpu f_lju ]jZffu \Zllu b l i

Baf_j_gb_ ± f_lh^ dhebq_kl\_ggh]h ZgZebaZ Rbjhdh ba\_klgZ fukev B DZglZ h lhf qlh \ gZmd_ ©jh\gh klhevdh gZmdb kdhevdh \ g_c fZl_fZlbdbª H^gZdh qlh[u hljZablv ^_ckl\bl_evghklv \h \k_c __ iheghl_ gm`gh ihklbqv \gmlj_gg__ _^bgkl\h dZq_kl\_gghc b dhebq_kl\_gghc hij_^_e_gghklb ijhs_ ]h\hjy ± \ ihagZgbb g_h[oh^bfh \uclb aZ ij_^_eu fZl_fZlbq_kdhc h^ghklhjhgghklb d p_ehklghfm ihagZgbx

Wdki_jbf_gl ± ijb_f bkke_^h\Zgby ijb dhlhjhf h[t_dl klZ\blky \ lhqgh mqblu\Z_fu_ mkeh\by beb bkdmkkl\_ggh \hkijhba\h^blky k p_evx \uykg_gby l_o beb bguo k\hckl\ Wdki_jbf_glu [u\Zxl bkke_^h\Zl_evkdb_ihbkdh\u_ b ijh\_jhqgu_ dhgljhevgu_ \hkijhba\h^ysb_ b bahebjmxsb_ eZ[hjZlhjgu_ b ihe_\u_

D f_lh^Zf l_hj_lbq_kdh]h mjh\gy gZmqgh]h ihagZgby hlghkylky

Z[kljZ]bjh\Zgb_ b^_ZebaZpby nhjfZebaZpby ZdkbhfZlbq_kdbc f_lh^ :[kljZ]bjh\Zgb_ eZl abstraho ± hl\e_q_gb_ ± hkh[uc ijb_f

fure_gby dhlhjuc aZdexqZ_lky \ hl\e_q_gbb hl jy^Z k\hckl\ b hlghr_gbc bamqZ_fh]h y\e_gby k h^gh\j_f_gguf \u^_e_gb_f bgl_j_kmxsbo gZk k\hckl\ b hlghr_gbc DZd j_amevlZl Z[kljZ]bjmxs_c ^_yl_evghklb fure_gby ± jZaebqgh]h jh^Z Z[kljZdpbb ihgylby dZl_]hjbb b bo kbkl_fZ dhgp_ilu

B^_ZebaZpby ij_^_evgh_ hl\e_q_gb_ hl j_Zevguo k\hckl\ ij_^f_lZ dh]^Z km[t_dl fuke_ggh dhgkljmbjm_l h[t_dl ijhh[jZa dhlhjh]h bf__lky \ j_Zevghf fbj_ BgZq_ ]h\hjy b^_ZebaZpby ± wlh ijb_f dhlhjuc hagZqZ_l hi_jbjh\Zgb_ lZdbfb b^_Zebabjh\Zggufb h[t_dlZfb dZd ©lhqdZª ©ijyfZyª ©b^_Zevguc ]Zaª ©Z[khexlgh q_jgh_ l_ehª

NhjfZebaZpby ± f_lh^ hibkZgby ih\lhjyxsboky fZkkh\b^guo y\e_gbc \ \b^_ nhjfZevguo kbkl_f k ihfhsvx ki_pbZevguo agZdh\ kbf\heh\ nhjfme NhjfZebaZpby _klv hlh[jZ`_gb_ kh^_j`Zl_evgh]h agZgby \ agZdh\h kbf\hebq_kdhf \b^_

:dkbhfZlbq_kdbc f_lh^ ± wlh \u\_^_gb_ gh\uo agZgbc ih hij_^_e_gguf eh]bq_kdbf ijZ\beZf ba l_o beb bguo Zdkbhf beb ihklmeZlh\ l _ ml\_j`^_gbc ijbgbfZ_fuo [_a ^hdZaZl_evkl\Z b y\eyxsboky bkoh^gufb ^ey \k_o ^jm]bo ml\_j`^_gbc ^Zgghc l_hjbb GZmdb jZa\b\Zxsb_ky gZ hkgh\_ ZdkbhfZlbq_kdh]h f_lh^Z ihemqbeb gZbf_gh\Zgb_ ^_^mdlb\guo D gbf hlghkblky ij_`^_ \k_]h fZl_fZlbdZ Z lZd`_ g_dhlhju_ jZa^_eu eh]bdb nbabdb b l ^

Ijb\_^_ggZy \ur_ deZkkbnbdZpby f_lh^h\ wfibjbq_kdh]h b l_hj_lbq_kdh]h mjh\g_c gZmqgh]h ihagZgby [m^_l g_ iheghc _keb g_

mqblu\Zlv f_lh^u dhlhju_ fh]ml bkihevah\Zlvky gZ h[hbo mjh\gyo:

f_lh^u h[h[s_gby b ki_pbnbdZpbb ZgZebaZ b kbgl_aZ bg^mdpbb b ^_^mdpbb ZgZeh]bb fh^_ebjh\Zgby eh]bq_kdh]h b bklhjbq_kdh]h b l ^

150