Философия

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ijbagZdhf gZlmjnbehkhnkdbo ij_^klZ\e_gbc J_g_kkZgkZ [ue iZgl_baf –

^hkeh\gh ± ©;h] \_a^_ª ± b^_y jZkl\hj_gby ;h]Z \ ijbjh^_ <u^Zxsbfbky ij_^klZ\bl_eyfb gZlmjnbehkhnbb [ueb E_hgZj^h ^Z <bgqb GbdheZc

Dhi_jgbd Bh]Zgg D_ie_j IZjZp_evk =Zebe_h =Zebe_c >`hj^Zgh ;jmgh

3) KhpbZevgh nbehkhnkdb_ dhgp_ipbb ih gh\hfm bkoh^y ba

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< p_ehf j_g_kkZgkguc nbehkhnkdbc lbi dZd b kZfZ wihoZ <hajh`^_gby [ue i_j_oh^guf Nbehkhnby b gZmdZ a^_kv \uju\Zxlky ba ih^ `_kldh]h dhgljhey p_jd\b ihemqZxl k\_lkdbc oZjZdl_j Z agZqbl ± b bfimevk d ^Zevg_cr_fm jZa\blbx dhlhjh_ gZ[ex^Z_lky \ Gh\h_ \j_fy

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Gh\h_\jhi_ckdmx nbehkhnbx mkeh\gh fh`gh jZa^_eblv gZ ljb wlZiZgZijZ\e_gby

1)©jZgg__ª Gh\h_ \j_fy

2)wihoZ Ijhk\_s_gby

3)g_f_pdZy deZkkbq_kdZy nbehkhnby

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< l_hjbb ihagZgby \u^_eyxlky ^\_ ijhlb\hiheh`guo l_g^_gpbb wfibjbaf ij_^klZ\bl_eb dhlhjh]h \u\h^beb agZgb_ ba qm\kl\_ggh]h hiulZ b jZpbhgZebaf klhjhggbdb dhlhjh]h kqblZeb hkgh\guf bklhqgbdhf agZgby q_eh\_q_kdbc jZamf Bgufb keh\Zfb kZf djbl_jbc ^hklh\_jghklb agZgby

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wfibjbdb bkdZeb \ hiul_ \ wdki_jbf_gl_ Z jZpbhgZebklu ± \ jZamf_ Bklhjbq_kdb keh`behkv lZd qlh wfibjbaf [ue ij_^klZ\e_g \ hkgh\ghf Zg]ebckdbfb nbehkhnZfb Nj_gkbk ;wdhg LhfZk =h[[k >`hg Ehdd Z

lZd`_ Z]ghklbdZfb >`hghf ;_jdeb b >w\b^hf Xfhf \ lh \j_fy dZd jZpbhgZebaf [ue jZkijhkljZg_g \ kj_^_ dhglbg_glZevguo nbehkhnh\ J_g_

>_dZjl ;_g_^bdl ;Zjmo KibghaZ =hlnjb^ <bev]_evf E_c[gbp).

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>ey ij_h^he_gby ijhlb\hiheh`ghklb f_`^m fZl_jbZevgufb b ^moh\gufb y\e_gbyfb N ;wdhg h[hkgh\u\Z_l b^_x fZl_jbZevghklb ^mrb Klhjhggbdb wfibjbafZ hlklZb\Zeb l_abk ©G_l gbq_]h \ jZamf_ lZdh]h q_]h [u ^h wlh]h g_ [ueh \ hsms_gbyo q_eh\_dZª

Bo b^_cgu_ hiihg_glu jZpbhgZebklu kqblZeb ebrv fure_gb_ gZ^_`guf hkgh\Zgb_f ^ey ihagZgby < Z^_d\Zlghklb qm\kl\_ggh]h \hkijbylby fh`gh khfg_\Zlvky ©\k_ ih^\_j]Zc khfg_gbxª ± ibkZe J >_dZjl gh khfg_gb_ kZfh _klv Zdl fure_gby Ebrv \ fure_gbb q_eh\_d h[j_lZ_l gZ^_`gmx hihjm \ wlhf fbj_ ©Y fukex ke_^h\Zl_evgh

kms_kl\mxª cogito ergo sum). J_g_ >_dZjl Z[khexlbabjm_l eh]bq_kdbc

ZiiZjZl fure_gby b bf_ggh \ g_f klZjZ_lky gZclb lZdb_ kZfhhq_\b^gu_ ijbgpbiu dhlhju_ [ueb [u ih^h[gu ZdkbhfZf w\deb^h\hc ]_hf_ljbb b g_ lj_[h\Zeb [u ki_pbZevguo ^hdZaZl_evkl\ < hlebqb_ hl N ;wdhgZ J >_dZjl kqblZ_l qlh ebrv ^_^mdpby fh`_l kem`blv bklhqgbdhf gZklhys_]h agZgby Ijh^_eu\Zy imlv hl kZfuo h[sbo \u\h^h\ d qZklguf iheh`_gbyf gZmdb ihklb]Zxl \_ebdmx b lZbgkl\_ggmx ©dgb]m fbjZª

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<Z`gh_ f_klh gZ i_j\hf wlZi_ jZa\blby gh\h_\jhi_ckdhc nbehkhnbb ijbgZ^e_`bl khpbZevgh nbehkhnkdbf dhgp_ipbyf L =h[[kZ b >` EhddZ,

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hkiZjb\Z\rbf m njZgpmaZ R Fhgl_kdv_ Z\lhjkl\h l_hjbb _kl_kl\_ggh]h ijZ\Z b h[s_kl\_ggh]h ^h]h\hjZ WlZ l_hjby h[tykgyeZ ijhbkoh`^_gb_ ]hkm^Zjkl\Z b ]jZ`^Zgkdh]h h[s_kl\Z ^h[jh\hevghc i_j_^Zq_c ex^vfb qZklb k\hbo ijbjh^guo ijZ\ kxa_j_gm ]ZjZglbjmxs_fm \ h[f_g gZ wlh [_ahiZkghklv bo `bagb

KhpbZevgZy gZijZ\e_gghklv nbehkhnbb ijbh[j_eZ p_gljZevgh_ agZq_gb_ \ ;9,,, \_d_ \ wihom Ijhk\_s_gby ij_^klZ\bl_eb dhlhjhc [ueb m[_`^_gu \ lhf qlh h[s_kl\_gguc ijh]j_kk _klv j_amevlZl jZa\blby gZmdb b h[jZah\Zgby Ijhk\_lbl_eb mkfZljb\Zeb ijbqbgm hlklZehklb \ g_\_`_kl\_ gZjh^Z ih bo fg_gbx kj_^g_\_dh\v_ _klv ©ijh\Ze \ bklhjbbª gh [m^ms__ h[s_kl\h ^he`gh klZlv \hiehs_gb_f jZamfZ b dmevlmjghklb G_ kemqZcgh k\h_ ij_^gZagZq_gb_ b^_heh]b Ijhk\_s_gby \b^_eb \ jZkijhkljZg_gbb agZgbc kj_^b gZjh^Z ba^Z\Zeb Wgpbdehi_^bx jZlh\Zeb aZ jZa\blb_ gZmd

<h NjZgpbb ij_^klZ\bl_eyfb Ijhk\_s_gby y\eyxlky <hevl_j @Zg @Zd Jmkkh RZjev Emb Fhgl_kdv_ >_gb >b^jh Deh^ :^jbZg =_ev\_pbc

Ihev :gjb =hev[Zo @xev_g Hnj_ ^_ EZf_ljb b ^j <ke_^ aZ nbehkhnZfb

J_g_kkZgkZ hgb ml\_j`^Zeb qlh q_eh\_d h[eZ^Z_l g_h]jZgbq_ggufb \hafh`ghklyfb b ebrv dhgdj_lgu_ khpbZevgu_ mkeh\by qZklgZy kh[kl\_gghklv bfms_kl\_ggh_ g_jZ\_gkl\h b l i f_rZxl bf j_Zebah\Zlvky Ke_^h\Zl_evgh g_h[oh^bfh baf_gblv wlb khpbZevgu_ mkeh\by ;m^mqb bklhjbq_kdbfb hilbfbklZfb nbehkhnu Ijhk\_s_gby \_jbeb qlh q_eh\_d jZamf_g gZklhevdh qlh \ kbeZo i_j_mkljhblv k\h_ h[s_kl\_ggh_ [ulb_ gZ jZpbhgZevguo hkgh\Zo gZ ijbgpbiZo khpbZevghc kheb^Zjghklb Ijhk\_lbl_eb b^_cgh ih^]hlh\beb <_ebdmx NjZgpmakdmx [mj`mZagmx j_\hexpbx gZ agZf_gZo dhlhjhc [ue gZibkZg ehamg] ©K\h[h^Z JZ\_gkl\h ;jZlkl\hª <h fgh]hf b^_b j_\hexpbhggh]h ij_h[jZah\Zgby h[s_kl\Z gZreb k\h_ ^Zevg_cr__ jZa\blb_ \ fZjdkbklkdhc nbehkhnbb

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Hkgh\Zl_e_f g_f_pdhc deZkkbq_kdhc nbehkhnbb ih ijZ\m kqblZ_lky BffZgmbe DZgl l\hjq_kdbc imlv dhlhjh]h ^_eblky gZ ^\Z i_jbh^Z ^hdjblbq_kdbc ^h o ]h^h\ ;9,,, \_dZ b djblbq_kdbc bf_gm_fuc lZd ih gZa\Zgbyf _]h ]eZ\guo ijhba\_^_gbc ± ©DjblbdZ qbklh]h jZamfZª ©DjblbdZ ijZdlbq_kdh]h jZamfZª b ©DjblbdZ kihkh[ghklb km`^_gbyª < jZ[hlZo ^hdjblbq_kdh]h i_jbh^Z nbehkhn hibjZykv gZ ^Zggu_ Zkljhghfbb nbabdb [bheh]bb Zgljhiheh]bb b ^jm]bo gZmd jZajZ[Zlu\Z_l b^_x jZa\blby klhy gZ

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klbobcgh fZl_jbZebklbq_kdbo ihabpbyo ©<k_h[sZy bklhjby b l_hjby g_[Zª

< djblbq_kdbc i_jbh^ B DZgl aZ^Z_lky \hijhkhf h ij_^_eZo q_eh\_q_kdh]h jZamfZ dZd ihagZ\Zl_evgh]h bgkljmf_glZ HllZedb\Zykv hl dhgp_ipbb ©\_sb \ k_[_ª ih^ dhlhjhc m g_]h ihgbfZxlky h[t_dlb\gh kms_kl\mxsb_ ij_^f_lu B DZgl kqblZ_l qlh ihagZgb_ ijhoh^bl ljb klZ^bb qm\kl\_ggh]h kha_jpZgby jZkkm^dZ a^jZ\h]h kfukeZ b jZamfZ Ijb wlhf khagZgb_ hibjZ_lky gZ Zijbhjgu_ lh _klv ^hhiulgu_ nhjfu \ lhf qbke_ ijbqbgghklv ijhkljZgkl\h \j_fy b ^j [eZ]h^Zjy q_fm \_sv ©y\ey_lkyª ij_\jZsZ_lky ba ©\_sb \ k_[_ª \ ©\_sv ^ey gZkª Klj_fykv h[tylv fbj dZd p_eh_ q_eh\_q_kdbc jZamf \iZ^Z_l \ Zglbghfbb lh _klv h^ghagZqgh g_jZaj_rbfu_ ijhlb\hj_qby gZijbf_j fh`gh k h^bgZdh\hc kl_i_gvx ^hdZaZl_evghklb ml\_j`^Zlv qlh fbj dhg_q_g b [_kdhg_q_g qlh \ fbj_ kms_kl\m_l k\h[h^Z b qlh __ g_l b l ^

WlbdZ B DZglZ _klv wlbdZ ^he]Z Hkgh\guf wlbq_kdbf aZdhghf B DZgl ijh\ha]eZrZ_l dZl_]hjbq_kdbc bfi_jZlb\ lh _klv nhjfZevgh_ \gmlj_gg__ \_e_gb_ kms_kl\mxs__ \ khagZgby q_eh\_dZ dZd \_qguc g_baf_gguc aZdhg b b^_Ze _]h ih\_^_gby Hlkx^Z ihklmihd [m^_l lh]^Z fhjZevguf dh]^Z hg hl\_qZ_l wlhfm fhjZevghfm aZdhgm Z g_ lhc ^_ckl\bl_evghklb dhlhjZy

w\hexpbhgbjh\Zeb \ ljm^Zo N < C R_eebg]Z b B = Nbol_ \ klhjhgm ^bZe_dlbdb ihdZ gZdhg_p g_ [ueb knhjfmebjh\Zgu = < N =_]_e_f \ \b^_ l_abkZ h lh`^_kl\_ fure_gby b [ulby

Ij_^klZ\b\ \_kv _kl_kl\_gguc bklhjbq_kdbc b ^moh\guc fbj dZd ijhp_kk lh _klv \ [_kij_ju\ghf ^\b`_gbb b jZa\blbb = < N =_]_ev ij_^ijbgbfZ_l ihiuldm jZkdjulv \gmlj_ggxx k\yav wlh]h ^\b`_gby nhjfmebjm_l hkgh\gu_ aZdhgu b dZl_]hjbb ^bZe_dlbdb Fgh]hh[jZagu_ ijhy\e_gby j_Zevghklb _klv kZfhjZa\_jlu\Zgb_ Z[khexlghc b^_b kgZqZeZ hgZ kZfhjZa\b\Z_lky kZfZ \ k_[_ ihlhf nhjfbjm_l g_hj]Zgbq_kdbc b \ dhgp_ dhgph\ khpbZevguc fbj :[khexlgZy b^_y y\ey_lky g_ lhevdh gZqZehf gh b aZ\_jr_gb_f jZa\blby fbjZ \ p_ehf lhc p_evx d dhlhjhc klj_fblky wlh jZa\blb_ < wlhf \ujZ`Z_lky kmlv h[t_dlb\gh]h b^_ZebafZ = < N =_]_ey

NbehkhnkdZy kbkl_fZ = < N =_]_ey ghkbl wgpbdehi_^bq_kdbc oZjZdl_j aZljZ]b\Zy jZa\blb_ ^moZ h[s_kl\Z b ijbjh^u < kha^Zgbb k\h_c kbkl_fu nbehkhn jmdh\h^kl\m_lky ijbgpbihf ljbZ^u l_abk ± Zglbl_abk ± kbgl_a LZdbf h[jZahf ^ZggZy nbehkhnkdZy dhgkljmdpby kmlv ^bZe_dlbq_kdZy eh]bdZ Mqblu\Zy qlh \kydZy kbkl_fZ lj_[m_l aZdhgq_gghklb hnhjfe_gghklb b_jZjobqghklb b m\_dh\_qb\Zgby kms_kl\mxs_]h iheh`_gby \_s_c = < N =_]_ev \iZ^Z_l \ ijhlb\hj_qb_ f_`^m kbkl_fhc b jZajZ[hlZgguf bf `_ ^bZe_dlbq_kdbf f_lh^hf g_ l_jiysbf aZ\_jr_gghklb ij_^iheZ]Zxsbf hldjulhklv ]b[dhklv ihklhyggh_ jZa\blb_ Fh`gh kdZaZlv qlh ^bZe_dlbq_kdbc f_lh^ = < N =_]_ey ih^qbgy_lky f_lZnbabq_kdhc kbkl_f_

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Mq_gbd = < N =_]_ey Ex^\b] N_c_j[Zo djblbdm_l ]_]_e_\kdh_ ihgbfZgb_ q_eh\_dZ dZd bffZg_glgh ^_yl_evgh]h kms_kl\Z ih^q_jdb\Zy ijb wlhf \ebygb_ gZ g_]h ijbjh^u :gljhiheh]bq_kdbc fZl_jbZebaf E N_c_j[ZoZ bkoh^bl ba [bheh]bq_kdhc ijbjh^u q_eh\_dZ hklZxs_cky g_baf_gghc hlghkbl_evgh khpbZevghc bklhjbb OZjZdl_jgh qlh \h \a]ey^Zo gZ h[s_kl\h fZl_jbZebkl E N_c_j[Zo hklZ\Zeky b^_Zebklhf ihkdhevdm ijbqbgm baf_g_gby nhjf khpbZevgh]h mkljhckl\Z hg \b^bl \ baf_g_gbb j_eb]bhagh]h khagZgby Ih^\_j]gm\ hkgh\Zl_evghc djblbd_ \ k\h_c jZ[hl_ ©Kmsghklv ojbklbZgkl\Zª kh^_j`Zgb_ j_eb]bb E N_c_j[Zo l_f g_ f_g__ ijbagZ\Ze aZ g_c hij_^_e_ggu_ dhgkljmdlb\gu_ nmgdpbb ^ey q_]h ij_^eh`be kha^Zlv gh\mx ± ©a_fgmxª j_eb]bx j_eb]bx ex[\b

LZdbf h[jZahf g_f_pdZy deZkkbq_kdZy nbehkhnby ;9,,, ± ;,; \_dh\ g_kfhljy gZ agZqbl_evgu_ jZaebqby \ fbjhihgbfZgbb l_f g_ f_g__ ij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc p_ehklgh_ gZijZ\e_gb_ nbehkhnkdhc fukeb h[t_^bg_ggh_ \hdjm] hkhagZgby ijbgpbiZ lh`^_kl\Z fure_gby b [ulby Khkj_^hlhqb\rbkv gZ ijh[e_f_ km[t_dl h[t_dlguo hlghr_gbc g_f_pdb_ nbehkhnu kha^Zeb ^bZe_dlbq_kdb_ kbkl_fu ^\b`_gby fukeb hl qm\kl\_ggh ^Zgguo \_s_c d eh]bq_kdbf dZl_]hjbyf b ihgylbyf ± b ^Ze__ d bo kbgl_am L_hj_lbq_kdb_ ^hklb`_gby g_f_pdhc nbehkhnbb hdZaZeb kms_kl\_ggh_ \ebygb_ gZ jZa\blb_ ihke_^mxs_c nbehkhnbb b dmevlmju \ p_ehf

Hkgh\gu_ gZijZ\e_gby b l_g^_gpbb jZa\blby kh\j_f_gghc nbehkhnbb. < u_ ]h^u XIX \_dZ ijhbkoh^bl klZgh\e_gb_ hkgh\guo

gZijZ\e_gbc kh\j_f_gghc aZiZ^ghc nbehkhnbb ;mjguc jhkl gZmdb b l_ogbdb h[mkeh\be bgl_gkb\gh_ jZa\blb_ ijhba\h^kl\Z h[hklj_gb_ ijhlb\hj_qbc \ khpbZevghc `bagb iheblbq_kdmx g_mklhcqb\hklv b dZd ke_^kl\b_ hsms_gb_ gZ^\b]Zxs_]hky djbabkZ Ijhp_kk jZa^_e_gby ljm^Z b madZy ki_pbZebaZpby ijb\_eb d njZ]f_glZpbb q_eh\_q_kdh]h [ulby b khagZgby <k_ wlh gZreh hljZ`_gb_ \ i_j_hkfuke_gbb khhlghr_gby nbehkhnbb b gZmdb nbehkhnbb b j_eb]bb \ `bagb q_eh\_dZ b h[s_kl\Z Baf_g_gb_ khpbZevgh wdhghfbq_kdhc h[klZgh\db ijb\h^bl d baf_g_gbx kh^_j`Zgby ijh[e_fu f_lh^h\ b lbih\ nbehkhnkl\h\Zgby

< nbehkhnkdhc ebl_jZlmj_ kms_kl\mxl jZaebqgu_ deZkkbnbdZpbb rdhe b gZijZ\e_gbc kh\j_f_gghc aZiZ^ghc nbehkhnbb Kj_^b gbo ih^q_jdb\Z_lky gZebqb_ ^\mo l_g^_gpbc kpb_glbklkdhc b Zglbkpb_glbklkdhc

Kpb_glbklkdZy l_g^_gpby hl eZl VFLHQWLD ± agZgb_ gZmdZ hkgh\u\Z_lky gZ ij_^klZ\e_gbb h gZmqghf agZgbb dZd gZb\ukr_c dmevlmjghc p_gghklb b ^hklZlhqghf mkeh\bb hjb_glZpbb q_eh\_dZ \ fbj_ D kpb_glbafm hlghkylky ihablb\baf kljmdlmjZebaf ijZ]fZlbaf

g_hdZglbZgkl\h g_h]_]_evygkl\h fZjdkbaf.

:glbkpb_glbklkdZy l_g^_gpby gZijhlb\ [ueZ k\yaZgZ k l_fb g_]Zlb\gufb klhjhgZfb jZa\blby gZmqgh]h agZgby b h[s_kl\_gghc `bagb dhlhju_ hkh[_ggh j_adh ijhy\beb k_[y ihke_ , fbjh\hc \hcgu b Z[khexlbabjh\Zeb ZglbjZpbhgZebklbq_kdb_ b^_b jZgg_]h i_jbh^Z g_deZkkbq_kdhc nbehkhnbb :jlmj Rhi_g]Zmwj K_j_g Dv_jd_]hj Njb^jbo

25

Gbpr_ D Zglbkpb_glbklkdhfm lbim hlghkyl ©nbehkhnbx `bagbª j_eb]bhagmx nbehkhnbx wdabkl_gpbZebaf ]_jf_g_\lbdm.

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n_ghf_gheh]by, nj_c^baf b ^jm]b_ gZmdhh[jZagu_ ih nhjf_ gh

kh^_j`Zl_evgh ly]hl_xsb_ d Zglbkpb_glbafm

< gZb[he__ aZ\_jr_gghc nhjf_ kpb_glbklkdbc lbi nbehkhnkl\h\Zgby j_Zebam_lky \ ihablb\baf_ >Zggh_ gZijZ\e_gb_ \hagbdZ_l \ _ ]h^u O,O \_dZ dZd j_Zdpby gZ mljZlm ]hkih^kl\mxsbo ihabpbc deZkkbq_kdhc nbehkhnbb \ ebp_ ]_]_e_\kdhc b dZglh\kdhc kbkl_f KZfh gZa\Zgb_ gZijZ\e_gby \ul_dZ_l ba kmsghklb gZmd ^h[u\Zxsbo iheh`bl_evgh_ hl

eZl positivus agZgb_ h fbj_ ± nbabdZ obfby Zkljhghfby [bheh]by b l ^

Nbehkhnby `_ k lhqdb aj_gby hkgh\Zl_ey ihablb\bafZ H DhglZ \h i_j\uo g_ fh`_l ^Zlv iheh`bl_evgh]h agZgby h fbj_ b \h \lhjuo fbjh\haaj_gq_kdb_ \hijhku f_lZnbabdb ijh[e_fZ [ulby kfukeZ `bagb b l i mljZqb\Zxl k\hx ZdlmZevghklv < jZ[hl_ ³Dmjk ihablb\ghc nbehkhnbb´ H Dhgl hlh`^_kl\eye gZmdm b nbehkhnbx ml\_j`^Zy qlh dZ`^Zy gZmdZ ³kZfZ k_[_ nbehkhnby´ Bgufb keh\Zfb j_qv b^_l lhevdh h ³nbehkhnbb fZl_fZlbdb´ ³nbehkhnbb nbabdb´ b l ^

Ij_^klZ\bl_eb i_j\h]h ihablb\bafZ (H]xkl Dhgl =_j[_jl Ki_gk_j

>`hg KlxZjl Fbeev hq_jlbeb djm] ijh[e_f f_lh^heh]by gZmqgh]h ihagZgby \hijhku eh]bdb b yaudZ gZmdb b hij_^_ebeb hlghr_gb_ d kfukehkh^_j`Zsbf \hijhkZf ^ey \k_]h ihke_^mxs_]h jZa\blby ihablb\bafZ g_aZ\bkbfh hl _]h dhgdj_lguo ijhy\e_gbc

LZd gZau\Z_fuc \lhjhc ihablb\baf [ue ij_^klZ\e_g mq_gufb _kl_kl\hbkiulZl_eyfb Wjgkl FZo JboZj^ :\_gZjbmk Wjgkl =_dd_ev),

f_lh^heh]bq_kdb_ mklZgh\db dhlhjuo ly]hl_eb \ dhg_qghf kq_l_ d Z]ghklbpbafm

< _ ]h^u OO \_dZ gZqbgZ_lky gh\uc wlZi jZa\blby ihablb\bafZ

(g_hihablb\baf beb ZgZeblbq_kdZy nbehkhnby ?]h ij_^klZ\bl_eyfb [ueb

Ex^\b] <bl]_grl_cg Fhjbp Rebd Jm^hevn DZjgZi Ij_^f_lhf g_hihablb\bafZ \uklmiZ_l ZgZeba nhjf yaudZ b agZgby q_j_a \hafh`ghklb \ujZ`_gby wlh]h agZgby \ yaud_ Ijbqbgu h[mkeh\b\rb_ nhjfbjh\Zgb_ ijh[e_fZlbdb g_hihablb\bafZ ke_^mxsb_

jZa\blb_ gZmdb ijhp_kku Z[kljZ]bjh\Zgby gh\uc wlZi nhjfZebaZpbb jZajZ[hldZ eh]bdh fZl_fZlbq_kdh]h ZgZebaZ agZgby gZijbf_j aZ^ZqZ bgl_jij_lZpbb fZl_fZlbq_kdh]h ZiiZjZlZ \ l_hj_lbq_kdhc nbabd_

h[j_l_gb_ ]ghk_heh]bq_kdhc ijh[e_fZlbdhc ihke_ l g ebg]\bklbq_kdh]h ih\hjhlZ k_fZglbq_kdhc hdjZkdb mjh\_gv Z[kljZdpbb gZmqgh]h agZgby ij_^klZ\e_ggh]h \ bkdmkkl\_gguo nhjfZebah\Zgguo

26

yaudZo k^_eZeb g_^hklZlhqgufb f_lh^u [md\Zevgh]h khhlg_k_gby fuke_ggh]h kh^_j`Zgby b h[t_dlb\gh]h iheh`_gby \_s_c dZd wlh ljZ^bpbhggh jZkkfZljb\Zehkv \ nbehkhnbb <hagbdeZ ijh[e_fZ kfukeZ bkihevam_fh]h gZmqgh]h ZiiZjZlZ \ke_^kl\b_ q_]h \ ]ghk_heh]bb nhjfbjm_lky hkh[Zy h[eZklv eh]bdh ]ghk_heh]bq_kdh]h bkke_^h\Zgby agZdh\ lh _klv gZqZehkv bamq_gb_ k_fZglbq_kdbo agZq_gbc agZdh\ dhlhju_ gm`^Zebkv \ q_ldhf ]ghk_heh]bq_kdhf hij_^_e_gbb

LZdbf h[jZahf \ g_hihablb\baf_ l_hj_lbdh ihagZ\Zl_evgu_ b f_lh^heh]bq_kdb_ ijh[e_fu gZmdb l_kgh kfudZxlky k hkh[uf dhfie_dkhf \hijhkh\ eh]bdb l_hj_lbq_kdhc ebg]\bklbdb k_fZglbdb b bo bkke_^h\Zgby \ jZaebqguo iehkdhklyo lZd gZau\Z_fhc ©ijh[e_fu agZq_gbyª J_amevlZlu ZgZebaZ ijhp_kkZ fure_gby b _]h khklZ\eyxsbo hkms_kl\e_ggh]h jZaebqgufb rdheZfb g_hihablb\bafZ eh]bq_kdbf ihablb\bafhf eh]bq_kdbf Zlhfbafhf nbehkhnb_c ebg]\bklbq_kdh]h ZgZebaZ e_]eb \ hkgh\m jZa\blby db[_jg_lbdb \uqbkebl_evghc l_ogbdb ijh]jZffbjh\Zgby

<f_kl_ k l_f kZfb g_hihablb\bklu hkhagZeb h]jZgbq_gghklv k\h_]h ih^oh^Z g_h[oh^bfhklv i_j_kfhljZ bkoh^guo f_lh^heh]bq_kdbo mklZgh\hd b \ha\jZl d g_dhlhjuf iheh`_gbyf deZkkbq_kdhc nbehkhnbb Ihkl_i_ggZy ljZgknhjfZpby g_hihablb\bafZ \ dhgp_ o ± gZqZe_ o ]h^h\ OO \_dZ \

ihklihablb\baf (LhfZk Dmg DZje Ihii_j Bfj_ EZdZlhk hdhgqZl_evgh

jZkdjueZ \gmlj_ggb_ ijhlb\hj_qby g_hihablb\bklkdhc f_lh^heh]bb gZ ijbf_j_ j_r_gby khpbZevgh nbehkhnkdhc ijh[e_fZlbdb b \hijhkh\ nbehkhnbb gZmdb

Ijh^he`_gb_ ihablb\bklkdh]h lbiZ fure_gby gZreh hljZ`_gb_ \ kljmdlmjZebaf_ ij_^klZ\bl_eb dhlhjh]h Deh^ E_\b Kljhk @Zd >_jjb^Z Fbr_ev Ihev Nmdh ihiulZebkv ijb^Zlv ]mfZgblZjghc kn_j_ agZgby kljh]hklv lhqguo gZmd Hgb Zdp_glbjh\Zeb \gbfZgb_ gZ ijh[e_fZo dhffmgbdZpbb agZdh\uo kbkl_f f_glZevguo kljmdlmj b l ^

< KR: kpb_glbklkdbc lbi nbehkhnkl\h\Zgby gZr_e \ujZ`_gb_ \ ijZ]fZlbaf_ (>` >vxb M >`_fk Q Ibjk \ dhlhjhf ihablb\bklkdb_

l_g^_gpbb i_j_ie_lZxlky k bjjZpbhgZebafhf :gjb ;_j]khgZ Wlh hljZabehkv gZ j_r_gbb ijh[e_fu bklbgu \ bkke_^h\Zgbb khpbZevgh iheblbq_kdbo b wlbq_kdbo \hijhkh\

< hlebqb_ hl ihablb\bafZ dhlhjuc khagZl_evgh ^bklZgpbjh\Zeky hl deZkkbq_kdh]h gZke_^by lZdb_ gZijZ\e_gby dZd g_hdZglbZgkl\h g_h]_]_evygkl\h fZjdkbaf ijh^he`Zxl ljZ^bpbb g_f_pdhc deZkkbq_kdhc nbehkhnbb

Hkgh\gu_ ijbgpbiu g_hdZglbZgkl\Z bkoh^beb ba ljZdlh\db nbehkhnbb dZd djblbdb ihagZgby hljbpZgby hglheh]bb dZd gZmqghc ^bkpbiebgu ba ijbagZgby Zijbhjguo ghjf ij_^hij_^_eyxsbo ijhp_kk ihagZgby < g_hdZglbZgkl\_ \u^_eyxl ^\_ rdheu FZj[mj]kdmx = Dh]_g

I GZlhji W DZkkbj_j b ;Z^_gkdmx < <bg^_ev[Zg^ = Jbdd_jl

>ey g_h]_]_evygkl\Z oZjZdl_jgh klj_fe_gb_ d kha^Zgbx p_ehklgh]h fhgbklbq_kdh]h fbjh\haaj_gby gZ hkgh\_ h[gh\e_gghc bgl_jij_lZpbb

mq_gby = < N =_]_ey ; Djhq_ N ;j_^eb >` Dheebg]\m^).

27

FZjdkbklkdZy nbehkhnby eh]bq_kdb ijh^he`beZ f_lh^heh]bq_kdmx ebgbx g_f_pdhc deZkkbdb kh\f_klb\ \ k_[_ ^bZe_dlbq_kdbc f_lh^ = < N =_]_ey b fZl_jbZebaf E N_c_j[ZoZ Ihke_^h\Zl_evgh ijbf_gyy ^bZe_dlbdh fZl_jbZebklbq_kdbc ih^oh^ d ZgZebam ijbjh^guo ijhp_kkh\ khpbZevghc bklhjbb b kZfh]h q_eh\_dZ DZje FZjdk b Njb^jbo Wg]_evk Zdp_glbjh\Zeb \gbfZgb_ gZ jheb ijZdlbdb \ ijhp_kk_ baf_g_gby fbjZ b ij_h^he_gbb lh]h hlqm`^_gby q_eh\_dZ dhlhjh_ ijbh[j_eh k jZa\blb_f dZiblZebafZ m]jh`Zxsb_ fZkrlZ[u

< h[eZklb khpbZevghc nbehkhnbb fZjdkbklu bkoh^beb ba iheh`_gby h lhf qlh bklhqgbdhf jZa\blby h[s_kl\Z y\ey_lky jZaj_r_gb_ ijhlb\hj_qby f_`^m ijhba\h^bl_evgufb kbeZfb b ijhba\h^kl\_ggufb hlghr_gbyfb FZl_jbZevgh_ ijhba\h^kl\h gZijZ\e_gh gZ m^h\e_l\hj_gb_ ihlj_[ghkl_c q_eh\_dZ Z wdhghfbq_kdbc [Zabk h[s_kl\Z \uklmiZ_l hij_^_eyxsbf ih hlghr_gbx d n_ghf_gZf h[s_kl\_ggh]h khagZgby < hlebqb_ hl ij_^r_kl\_ggbdh\ D FZjdk b N Wg]_evk bf_ggh \ fZl_jbZevghf ijhba\h^kl\_ mkfZljb\Zxl hkgh\m bklhjbq_kdh]h ijhp_kkZ Kbgl_a fZl_jbZebafZ b ^bZe_dlbdb iha\hebe bf hldjulv aZdhgu h[s_kl\_ggh]h jZa\blby Hij_^_e_ggu_ kihkh[u ijhba\h^kl\Z e_`Zl \ hkgh\_ h[s_kl\_ggh wdhghfbq_kdbo nhjfZpbc kf_gZ dhlhjuo ihkj_^kl\hf [hjv[u wdkiemZlbjm_fuo b wdkiemZlZlhjkdbo deZkkh\ khklZ\ey_l kmlv bklhjbq_kdh]h ijhp_kkZ < wlhf ijhp_kk_ q_eh\_q_kl\h g_fbgm_fh ^he`gh ijb^lb d dhffmgbklbq_kdhc nhjfZpbb g_ agZxs_c deZkkh\uo jZaebqbc \hh[s_

>Zevg_cr__ jZa\blb_ fZjdkbklkdhc nbehkhnbb ijbh[j_eh \ jZaebqguo kljZgZo fbjZ ki_pbnbq_kdb_ q_jlu dZd \ l_hjbb lZd b \ ijbf_g_gbb __ gZ ijZdlbd_ Kj_^b djmig_crbo ij_^klZ\bl_e_c nbehkhnbb fZjdkbafZ ke_^m_l

gZa\Zlv B >bp]_gZ : ;_[_ey N F_jbg]Z, = < Ie_oZgh\Z < B E_gbgZ,

> EmdZqZ, : =jZfrb, I EZnZj]Z b ^j Ke_^m_l hkh[h ih^q_jdgmlv qlh

fZjdkbaf dZd b \ky deZkkbq_kdZy nbehkhnby bkoh^bl ba ]eZ\gh]h ijbgpbiZ jZpbhgZebafZ ijbagZgby jZamfZ hkgh\hc ihagZgby b ih\_^_gby q_eh\_dZ klj_fys_]hky hj]Zgbah\Zlv h[s_kl\_ggmx `bagv bf_ggh gZ jZpbhgZevguo gZqZeZo ?fm k\hckl\_g_g ihagZ\Zl_evguc hilbfbaf m\_j_gghklv \ lhf qlh jZpbhgZevgh_ ihagZgb_ gZmdZ \ dhlhjhc \ gZb[he__ Z^_d\Zlghc nhjf_ gZoh^bl hljZ`_gb_ fhsv jZamfZ b _klv lZ kbeZ dhlhjZy kihkh[gZ j_rblv \k_ klhysb_ i_j_^ q_eh\_dhf ijh[e_fu

:glbkpb_glbklkdbc lbi nbehkhnkl\h\Zgby gZijhlb\ ih^\_j]Z_l khfg_gbx ijblyaZgby jZamfZ gZ hdhgqZl_evgh_ ihklb`_gb_ bklbgu Zdp_glbjmy \gbfZgb_ gZ keh`ghc ijbjh^_ q_eh\_dZ b h[s_kl\Z \dexqZxs_c g_ lhevdh jZpbhgZevgu_ gh b bjjZpbhgZevgu_ fhf_glu [ulby <i_j\u_ ^Zggmx ijh[e_fm ihklZ\be : Rhi_g]Zmwj \ k\h_c jZ[hl_ ©Fbj dZd \hey b ij_^klZ\e_gb_ª Kmsghklv ebqghklb ih : Rhi_g]Zmwjm khklZ\ey_l g_aZ\bkbfZy hl jZamfZ \hey ± Z[khexlgh k\h[h^gh_ `_eZgb_ g_hlt_fe_fh_ hl l_e_kgh]h kms_kl\h\Zgby q_eh\_dZ KZfZ `_ bg^b\b^mZevgZy \hey _klv ijhy\e_gb_ dhkfbq_kdhc fbjh\hc \heb dhlhjZy y\ey_lky hkgh\hc b bklbgguf kh^_j`Zgb_f \k_]h kms_kl\mxs_]h

28

Nbehkhnby : Rhi_g]ZmwjZ klZeZ h^gbf ba hkgh\guo bklhqgbdh\ «nbehkhnbb `bagbª Z lZd`_ ij_^r_kl\h\ZeZ g_dhlhjuf kh\j_f_gguf

ikboheh]bq_kdbf dhgp_ipbyf Ke_^m_l hlf_lblv qlh ihgylb_ ©`bagvª ljZdlh\Zehkv jZaebqgufb nbehkhnZfb ih jZaghfm LZd gZijbf_j N Gbpr_ ljZdlm_l `bagv dZd [bheh]bq_kdh_ ijhy\e_gb_ \heb d \eZklb <bev]_evf >bevl_c ± dZd j_Zevgmx ^mr_\gh ^moh\gmx k\yav ij_^klZ\bl_e_c jZaebqguo wiho b dmevlmj Hk\Zev^ Ri_g]e_j dZd ©km^v[mª ©^mrmª dmevlmju

GZb[he__ ihegh Zglbkpb_glbklkdbc lbi nbehkhnkl\h\Zgby jZkdjueky \ wdabkl_gpbZebaf_ ± nbehkhnkdhf l_q_gbb \u^\b]Zxs_f gZ i_j\uc ieZg kfukeh`bag_ggu_ \hijhku dhlhju_ g_ ih^^Zxlky jZpbhgZevghfm h[tykg_gbx Nbehkhnby wdabkl_gpbZebafZ ijhlb\hihklZ\ey_l kmsghklv b kms_kl\h\Zgb_ wdabkl_gpbx q_eh\_dZ eb[h \hh[s_ hljbpZ_l kmsghklv dZd qlh lh ij_^aZ^Zggh_ [ulbx ex^_c

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