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LZdbf h[jZahf k jZkiZ^hf jh^h\uo hlghr_gbc ijhbkoh^bl jZaeh`_gb_ fbnheh]bq_kdh]h fbjh\haaj_gby gZ j_eb]bhagmx nbehkhnkdmx b om^h`_kl\_ggh ihwlbq_kdmx khklZ\eyxsb_ Fh`gh kdZaZlv qlh nbehkhnby k __ klj_fe_gb_f ^Zlv jZpbhgZevgh_ h[tykg_gb_ j_Zevghklb ihkl_i_ggh ijboh^bl gZ kf_gm fbnheh]bq_kdhc dZjlbg_ fbjZ

Ihke_^mxsZy w\hexpby nbehkhnkdh]h agZgby ^_fhgkljbjm_l gZf h]jhfgh_ fgh`_kl\h dhgp_ipbc rdhe gZijZ\e_gbc dhlhju_ ijhklh g_\hafh`gh jZkkfhlj_lv \ jZfdZo ^Zggh]h dmjkZ Ihwlhfm h]jZgbqbfky ebrv h[s_c oZjZdl_jbklbdhc hkgh\guo lbih\ b wlZih\ jZa\blby nbehkhnbb < >j_\g_f fbj_ knhjfbjh\Zehkv g_kdhevdh lbih\ nbehkhnkl\h\Zgbyljb ^j_\g_\hklhqguo b h^bg _\jhi_ckdbc Zglbqguc dZ`^uc ba dhlhjuo

h[eZ^Z_l k\h_c kh[kl\_gghc ki_pbnbdhc

Pb\bebaZpby >j_\g_]h <hklhdZ \hagbdZ_l \ ^hebgZo djmiguo j_d GbeZ Lb]jZ b ?\njZlZ Bg^Z b =Zg]Z OmZgow b Ygpau GZebqb_ ;eb`g_\hklhqgh]h

15

?]bi_l b F_`^mj_qv_ Kj_^g_\hklhqgh]h >j_\gyy Bg^by b >Zevg_\hklhqgh]h >j_\gbc DblZc hqZ]h\ pb\bebaZpbc h[mkeh\beb khhl\_lkl\_ggh ihy\e_gb_ lj_o k\h_h[jZaguo lbih\ nbehkhnkdh]h agZgby gZ <hklhd_

;eb`g_\hklhqguc lbi oZjZdl_jbam_lky ijbhjbl_lhf gZlmjnbehkhnkdhc ijh[e_fZlbdb lh _klv ihbkdZfb i_j\hgZqZeZ \k_]h kms_]h i_j_hkfuke_gb_f ijbjh^guo ijhp_kkh\ ihkljh_gb_f dhkfh]hgbq_kdbo kbkl_f < ?]bil_ b F_`^mj_qv_ \ dhgp_ ,,, ± gZqZe_ ,, luk ^h g w \ lZdbo iZfylgbdZo ^j_\g_c dmevlmju dZd ÄI_kgv ZjnbklZ´ Ä;_k_^Z jZahqZjh\Zggh]h kh k\h_c ^mrhc´ Ä;_k_^Z ]hkih^bgZ k jZ[hf´ \ukdZau\Zxlky khfg_gby \ bklbgghklb j_eb]bhagh fbnheh]bq_kdbo dhgkljmdpbc a\mqZl b^_b Z\lhghfghklb fZl_jbZevgh]h b ^moh\gh]h fbjh\ ijh[e_fu `bagb b kf_jlb ih^\_j]Z_lky djblbd_ khpbZevgh iheblbq_kdh_ mkljhckl\h h[s_kl\Z

< >j_\g_c Bg^bb nbehkhnby \hagbdrZy gZ hkgh\_ \_^bq_kdhc ebl_jZlmju ghkbeZ ij_bfms_kl\_ggh bgljZ\_jlguc gZijZ\e_gguc \h\gmljv b i_kkbfbklbq_kdbc oZjZdl_j =eZ\gh_ ij_^gZagZq_gb_ nbehkhnbb bg^mku mkfZljb\Zeb \ \ujZ[hld_ jmdh\h^kl\Z d ^_ckl\bx d ih\_^_gbx <_qguc ijhp_kk i_j_jh`^_gbc kZgkZjZ hkms_kl\eyeky ih aZdhgm \ha^ZygbydZjfu KhpbZevguc klZlmk q_eh\_dZ gZijyfmx aZ\bk_e hl _]h ^_ygbc Ä\ ijhrehc `bagb´ IjbagZ\Z\rb_ Z\lhjbl_l <_^ nbehkhnkdb_ rdheu

(<_^ZglZ bamq_gb_ <_^ <Zcr_rbdZ ihbkdb fZl_jbZevgh]h i_j\hgZqZeZ

KZgdovy qbkeh Gvyy eh]bdZ FbfZgkZ `_jl\hijbghr_gb_ Ch]Z^moh\gh_ b l_e_kgh_ kZfhkh\_jr_gkl\h\Zgb_ b l i ijhlb\hklhyeb

g_hjlh^hdkZevguf gZijZ\e_gbyf ^`Zcgbaf [m^^baf qZj\ZdZ ehdZylZ).

< >j_\g_f DblZ_ gZijhlb\ [h]ZlZy nbehkhnkdZy ljZ^bpby bf_eZ yjdh \ujZ`_ggmx khpbZevgmx gZijZ\e_gghklv b jZkkfZljb\ZeZ p_gljZevgh_ iheh`_gb_ q_eh\_dZ dZd Äkj_^bgu´ f_`^m G_[hf b A_fe_c <Z`g_crbf ihgylb_f dblZckdhc nbehkhnbb y\ey_lky dZl_]hjby >Zh hagZqZ\rZy h^gh\j_f_ggh aZdhghf_jghklv imlv f_lh^ bklbgm [eZ]hc oh^ \_s_c b q_eh\_q_kdhc `bagb Kj_^b nbehkhnkdbo rdhe mq_gby dhlhjuo g_ klhevdh ijhlb\hklhyeb kdhevdh ^hihegyeb ^jm] ^jm]Z hkh[h ke_^m_l \u^_eblv rdhem Äbgv´ b Äyg´ rdhem Äbf_g´ dhgnmpbZgkl\h fhbaf e_]baf b

^Zhkbaf.

G_kdhevdh iha^g__ \ >j_\g_c =j_pbb \hagbdZ_l lbi nbehkhnkl\h\Zgby dhj_gguf h[jZahf hlebqZ\rbcky hl ^j_\g_\hklhqguo lbih\ b aZeh`b\rbc hkgh\u fukebl_evghc dmevlmju aZiZ^ghc pb\bebaZpbb Kh\hdmighklv nbehkhnkdbo mq_gbc jZa\b\Z\rboky \ >j_\g_c =j_pbb b >j_\g_f Jbf_ k dhgpZ 9,, \_dZ ^h g w ^h 9, \_dZ g w gZau\Zxl Zglbqghc nbehkhnb_c :glbqguc lbi nbehkhnkl\h\Zgby lZdbf h[jZahf gZ ijhly`_gbb e_l [ue ]hkih^kl\h\Z\rbf \ Kj_^ba_fghfhjkdhf j_]bhg_ >ey g_]h [ueb oZjZdl_jgu ke_^mxsb_ q_jlu

-dhkfhp_gljbaf fbjh\hkijbylby \ dhlhjhf <k_e_ggZy jZkkfZljb\ZeZkv

\g_jZaju\ghc k\yab k q_eh\_dhf Z q_eh\_d ij_^klZ\eyeky dZd hj]Zgbq_kdZy

qZklbpZ <k_e_gghc __ fbdjhfh^_ev – Äfbdjhdhkf´

16

Zgljhihp_gljbaf lh _klv gZijZ\e_gghklv nbehkhnkdhc fukeb gZ q_eh\_dZ _]h \gmlj_ggbc fbj _]h ihagZ\Zl_evgu_ kihkh[ghklb

k\yav k gZmqgufb fZl_fZlbq_kdbfb ijbjh^h\_^q_kdbfb

iheblbq_kdbfb agZgbyfb Z lZd`_ k fbnheh]b_c b bkdmkkl\hf

h]jhfgh_ fgh]hh[jZab_ gZijZ\e_gbc b rdhe dhlhju_ y\eyxlky bklhdhf ^ey \k_o iha^g_crbo nhjf _\jhi_ckdh]h nbehkhnkl\h\Zgby

:glbqgZy nbehkhnby ijhreZ \ k\h_c w\hexpbb jy^ i_jbh^h\ kj_^b dhlhjuo ke_^m_l \u^_eblv

9, 9 \\ ^h g w FZl_jbZevgh qm\kl\_gguc

dhkfhk \uklmiZ_l a^_kv b \ dZq_kl\_ h[t_dlZ b \ dZq_kl\_ km[t_dlZ nbehkhnkdhc j_ne_dkbb Hkgh\gZy ijh[e_fZ ± ihbkdb i_j\hhkgh\u \k_]h kms_]h klj_fe_gb_ \uj\Zlv Dhkfhk ba Äh[tylbc fbnZ´ gZclb \ g_f h[t_dlb\gmx hkgh\m dhlhjZy \ lh `_ \j_fy [ueZ [u b mgb\_jkZevguf aZdhghf fbjh\h]h jZa\blby Eh]hkhf Ij_^klZ\bl_eb wlh]h i_jbh^Z

mkfZljb\Zeb i_j\hgZqZeh \ \h^_ NZe_k Fbe_lkdbc \ha^mo_ :gZdkbf_g),

Zi_cjhg_ (:gZdkbfZg^j qbke_ IbnZ]hj h]g_ =_jZdebl ZlhfZo (>_fhdjbl b l ^

2. DeZkkbq_kdbc i_jbh^ 9 ,9 \\ ^h g w GZqbgZ_lky k khnbklh\ b

KhdjZlZ dhlhju_ jZa^_ebeb h[t_dl b km[t_dl ihagZgby b kh\_jrbeb ih\hjhl \ nbehkhnkl\h\Zgbb hl gZlmjnbehkhnkdhc ijh[e_fZlbdb d bamq_gbx q_eh\_dZ ijh[e_f ]ghk_heh]bb kZfhihagZgby wlbq_kdhc Zgljhiheh]bb <ukrbf l_hj_lbq_kdbf kbgl_ahf gZlmjnbehkhnkdhc b Zgljhiheh]bq_kdhc ebgbb nbehkhnkl\h\Zgby klZeb kbkl_fu IeZlhgZ b

:jbklhl_ey.

3. I_jbh^ weebgbafZ ,9 \ ^h g w , \ g w AZdZl Zglbqghc

pb\bebaZpbb Q_eh\_d \k_ [hevr_ hkhagZ_l k_[y km[t_dlhf ihagZgby b kZfhihagZgby a^_kv jZajZ[Zlu\Z_lky ij_`gyy ijh[e_fZlbdZ gh \ g_c ^hfbgbjm_l l_g^_gpby d km[t_dlb\bafm Rdheu klhbpbaf kd_ilbpbaf wibdmj_ckl\h

4. Jbfkdbc i_jbh^ jZa\blby Zglbqghc nbehkhnbb , 9, \\ g w A^_kv

_^bgkl\h h[t_dlZ b km[t_dlZ ijhy\ey_lky \ lhf qlh q_eh\_d \hkijbgbfZ_lky \ dZq_kl\_ l\hjq_kdh]h ZgZeblbq_kdh]h j_ne_dkbjmxs_]h gZqZeZ >ey jbfkdh]h i_jbh^Z oZjZdl_jgZ wde_dlbqghklv \a]ey^h\ \ rdheZo

wibdmj_bafZ

Wibdl_l FZjd :\j_ebc :glhgbc Lbl Emdj_pbc DZj Pbp_jhg.

< Zglbqghc nbehkhnbb m`_ h[gZjm`beb k_[y fZl_jbZebaf b b^_Zebaf ^bZe_dlbdZ b f_lZnbabdZ jZpbhgZebaf b fbklbpbaf Z]ghklbpbaf b kd_ilbpbaf

< qZklghklb fZl_jbZebaf dZd h^gh ba ^\mo ]eZ\guo nbehkhnkdbo gZijZ\e_gbc ijhbkoh^bl ba Zlhfbklbq_kdbo ij_^klZ\e_gbc h[ mkljhckl\_ fbjZ E_\dbiiZ b >_fhdjblZ Fbj khklhbl ba g_\b^bfuo Zlhfh\ \ i_j_\h^_ k ]j_q_kdh]h Zlhf ± Äg_^_ebfuc´ b imklhlu :lhfu bf_xl jZaebqgmx nhjfm b gZoh^ylky \ khklhygbb \_qgh]h ^\b`_gby ih hij_^_e_gguf ljZ_dlhjbyf Kh_^bgyykv ^jm] k ^jm]hf hgb kha^Zxl fZdjhl_eZ >mrZ q_eh\_dZ lZd`_ khklhbl ba Zlhfh\ b^_Zevgh djm]ehc b ]eZ^dhc nhjfu

17

FZl_jbZebklbq_kdhc Äebgbb >_fhdjblZ´ ijhlb\hklhbl b^_Zebklbq_kdZy Äebgby IeZlhgZ´ < khhl\_lkl\bb kh \a]ey^Zfb IeZlhgZ kms_kl\m_l hkh[uc fbj \_qguo b g_baf_gguo nhjf ± Äwc^hkh\´ beb b^_c IeZlhg ijbagZ_l i_j\bqghklv fbjZ b^_Zevguo kmsghkl_c A_fghc fbj ± ebrv dhiby ©l_gvª fbjZ b^_c hg baf_gqb\ ih^\b`_g dhg_q_g >mrZ q_eh\_dZ ± lZd`_ b^_y kms_kl\h\Z\rZy \ hkh[hf fbj_ b^_c ^h __ \k_e_gby \ l_eh Hlkx^Z \ul_dZ_l ieZlhgh\kdh_ ij_^klZ\e_gb_ h[ bklbgghf ihagZgbb dZd ÄijbihfbgZgbb´ lh]h qlh \b^_eZ ^mrZ \ wlhf b^_Zevghf fbj_ Ba hglheh]bb b ]ghk_heh]bb IeZlhgZ hj]Zgbqgh \ul_dZxl _]h ikboheh]bq_kdb_ \a]ey^u mq_gb_ h[ h[s_kl\_ b ]hkm^Zjkl\_ KdZaZggh_ iha\hey_l kqblZlv IeZlhgZ hkgh\Zl_e_f b

deZkkbdhf h[t_dlb\gh]h b^_ZebafZ.

Hlphf klbobcghc ^bZe_dlbdb kqblZ_lky =_jZdebl Wn_kkdbc,

ijbau\Z\rbc jZkkfZljb\Zlv \_sb \ bo ihklhygghf ^\b`_gbb IjbagZ\Zy ^bZe_dlbdm klbobc Ä\_kv fbj ± h]hgv \j_f_gZfb \kiuob\Zxsbc \j_f_gZfb aZlmoZxsbc´ Ä\k_ l_q_l \k_ baf_gy_lky´ Ä[_kkf_jlgu kf_jlgu_ h^gb `b\ml aZ kq_l ^jm]bo´ =_jZdebl g_ kqblZe qlh ^bZe_dlbdZ ihagZgby ^he`gZ dhibjh\Zlv ^bZe_dlbdm ijbjh^u GZh[hjhl ^bZe_dlbdZ qm\kl\_ggh]h \hkijbylby \ke_^kl\b_ jZaghh[jZaby qm\kl\_ggh]h fbjZ f_rZ_l jZamfm ihagZlv _^bguc ihjy^hd ± Eh]hk

Hkgh\u f_lZnbabq_kdh]h f_lh^Z [ueb aZeh`_gu :jbklhl_e_f \deZ^ dhlhjh]h \ Zglbqgmx nbehkhnbx ljm^gh i_j_hp_gblv ;m^mqb wjm^bjh\Zgguf mq_guf hg klZe Z\lhjhf ]_hp_gljbq_kdhc dhkfh]hgbq_kdhc kbkl_fu ijhkms_kl\h\Z\r_c ^he]b_ \_dZ \iehlv ^h hldjulby G Dhi_jgbdZ :jbklhl_ev djblbdh\Ze IeZlhgZ aZ jZaju\ fZl_jbZevgh]h b b^_Zevgh]h fbjh\ h^gZdh kqblZe fZl_jbx ebrv iZkkb\ghc \hafh`ghklvx [ulby >ey ZdlmZebaZpbb wlhc \hafh`ghklb g_h[oh^bfh \ha^_ckl\b_ gZ fZl_jbZevgh_ \_s_kl\h b^_Zevghc nhjfu Ijb wlhf fZl_jby ihgbfZeZkv dZd dhkgh_ h[jZah\Zgb_ h`b\eyxs__ky Zdlb\ghc nhjfhc < dhg_qghf kq_l_ kha^ZggZy :jbklhl_e_f b_jZjoby nhjf ^hoh^bl ^h k\h_]h \ukr_]h \k_e_gkdh]h ijhy\e_gby ± lZd gZau\Z_fhc wgl_e_obb ijh[e_fZ i_j\h^\b]Zl_ey beb ^_fbmj]Z :jbklhl_e_f [ueZ jZajZ[hlZgZ i_j\Zy nbehkhnkdZy kbkl_fZ dZl_]hjbc aZeh`_gu hkgh\u nhjfZevghc eh]bdb \dexqZy aZdhgu b i_j_f_ggu_ dhlhjufb fu ihevam_fky b gug_

LZdbf h[jZahf ZglbqgZy nbehkhnby \h fgh]hf h[mkeh\beZ ki_pbnbdm _\jhi_ckdh]h fbjh\haaj_gby JZpbhgZebaf :jbklhl_ey klZe l_f hkgh\Zgb_f gZ dhlhjhf ab`^_lky \ky nbehkhnkdZy dmevlmjZ AZiZ^ghc ?\jhiu \ lh \j_fy dZd \baZglbckdZy b \hklhqgh_\jhi_ckdZy ljZ^bpby ly]hl__l d IeZlhgm k _]h kZdjZevghklvx agZgby b dmevlhf fm^jhklb Ihke_ jZkiZ^Z Jbfkdhc bfi_jbb gZ AZiZ^gmx b <hklhqgmx ^ZggZy l_g^_gpby ihemqbeZ iheblbq_kdh_ aZdj_ie_gb_ < ]h^m g w jbfkdbf bfi_jZlhjhf XklbgbZghf [ueh ijbgylh j_r_gb_ h aZdjulbb ieZlhgh\kdhc :dZ^_fbb \ :nbgZo l_f kZfuf nZdlbq_kdbc aZdZl Zglbqghc nbehkhnbb ihemqbe k\h_ xjb^bq_kdh_ aZdj_ie_gb_ >Zevg_cr__ jZa\blb_ _\jhi_ckdhc nbehkhnbb k\yaZgh k ojbklbZgkdbf \_jhmq_gb_f ihemqb\rbf jZkijhkljZg_gb_ \ wihom Kj_^gbo \_dh\

18

Nbehkhnkdb_ b^_b Kj_^gbo \_dh\ b wihob <hajh`^_gby.

Nbehkhnby Kj_^g_\_dh\vy ho\Zlu\Z_l lukyq_e_lgbc i_jbh^ hl jZkiZ^Z Jbfkdhc bfi_jbb ^h wihob <hajh`^_gby Wlh [ueZ wihoZ \hagbdgh\_gby b jZkp\_lZ fbjh\uo j_eb]bc Bghc ih hlghr_gbx d Zglbqghklb lbi nbehkhnkl\h\Zgby [ue h[mkeh\e_g ijbgpbibZevgh bguf lbihf pb\bebaZpbb jZa\blb_f n_h^Zevguo hlghr_gbc gh\uo khpbZevgh iheblbq_kdbo mkeh\bc

Kj_^g_\_dh\Zy nbehkhnby ih k\h_c fbjh\haaj_gq_kdhc kmlb l_hp_gljbqgZ J_Zevghklv hagZqZxsZy \k_ kms__ \u\h^blky g_ ba ijbjh^u Z ba ;h]Z Kh^_j`Zgb_ fhghl_bklbq_kdbo j_eb]bhaguo mq_gbc \ i_j\mx hq_j_^v bm^ZbafZ ojbklbZgkl\Z fmkmevfZgkl\Z hij_^_ebeh ihy\e_gb_ hkh[h]h lbiZ nbehkhnZ nbehkhnZ k\ys_gghkem`bl_ey

JZkkfZljb\Zy aZiZ^gh_\jhi_ckdmx nbehkhnkdmx ljZ^bpbx g_h[oh^bfh \u^_eblv ke_^mxsb_ q_jlu kj_^g_\_dh\hc nbehkhnbb

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JZpbhgZebklbq_kdh_ h[hkgh\Zgb_ ^h]fZlh\ p_jd\b Z gZ jZggbo wlZiZo ± [hjv[Z k yauq_kl\hf iZljbklbdZ mq_gb_ hlph\ p_jd\b Ih f_j_ lh]h dZd dZlhebpbaf klZgh\beky ]hkih^kl\mxs_c b^_heh]b_c AZiZ^ghc ?\jhiu nbehkhnby klZeZ bkihevah\Zlv ^ey Ziheh]_lbdb aZsblu \_ju iheh`_gby Zglbqguo nbehkhnh\ \ i_j\mx hq_j_^v :jbklhl_ey

< ijhlb\hiheh`ghklv fbklbd_ f_lZnbabq_kdZy f_lh^heh]by Zi_eebjh\ZeZ d nhjfZevghc eh]bd_ b koheZklbd_ L_jfbg ©koheZklbdZª

ijhbkoh^bl hl ]j_q skholastikos ± rdhevguc mq_guc Ih^h[gh lhfm dZd \

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Ijhr_^rZy djZkghc gblvx q_j_a \k_ kj_^g_\_dh\v_ ^bkdmkkby h ijbjh^_ mgb\_jkZebc h[sbo ihgylbc \ dhlhjhc gZreh hljZ`_gb_ hlghr_gb_ nbehkhnh\ d mq_gbx h K\ylhc Ljhbp_ ;h] Hl_p ;h] Kug b K\ylhc >mo Ihabpbb hiihg_glh\ \ wlhf kihj_ ly]hl_eb d ^\mf ihexkZf ±

j_Zebafm b ghfbgZebafm.

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