- •Навчальний посібник
- •The subjunctive
- •The formulaic subjunctive.
- •God be praised!
- •God bless you!
- •Nursery Rhyme
- •1. Translate the word combinations in brackets into English.
- •2. Translate into English using set-phrases (The formulaic subjunctive).
- •3. Translate into English using set-phrases (The formulaic subjunctive).
- •Exclamatory sentences.
- •4. Finish each of these sentences in such a way that it means exactly the same as the sentence printed before it.
- •5. Translate into English.
- •6. Translate the following sentences into English.
- •7. Complete the following sentences using the perfect form.
- •8. Translate the following sentences into English.
- •9. Translate into English.
- •10. Replace the infinitive by the correct form of the verb in brackets.
- •11. Translate into English.
- •12. Translate into English.
- •Had better
- •13. Translate into English.
- •I’d rather / sooner
- •14. Translate into English.
- •Independent clauses and simple sentences.
- •Sentences without implied condition
- •15. Use the verb in brackets in the appropriate form.
- •16. Translate into English.
- •17. Translate into English.
- •The conditional
- •The conditional tenses. The present conditional tense.
- •The perfect conditional tense.
- •Conditional sentences.
- •Suppose he himself gave her the injections …
- •Three kinds of conditional sentences
- •If I may be frank if you’ll allow me to say so
- •21. Translate into English.
- •Should in conditional 1
- •22. Make the condition less probable by using should.
- •Suppose and imagine.
- •23. Translate into English.
- •24. Translate into English.
- •25. Translate into English.
- •Conditional sentences type 2.
- •Conditional sentences type 3.
- •26. Choose which ending is possible for each sentence.
- •27. Fill the gaps in the sentences and complete the questions in the conversations using the words given or your own ideas.
- •28. Put the verbs in brackets in the most suitable form. (Use forms of can, might, etc. Where suitable.)
- •29. Translate into English.
- •30. Translate into English.
- •31. Translate into English.
- •32. Complete the sentences in the conversation using the ideas given.
- •33. Make a ‘chain story’.
- •34. Fill in each blank to complete the unreal condition.
- •35. Translate into English.
- •36. Translate into English.
- •37. Fill the gaps in the sentences and complete them using the words given or your own ideas.
- •38. Paraphrase the following sentences according to the model:
- •39. Translate into English.
- •40. Translate into English.
- •Mixed conditionals.
- •41. Paraphrase the following sentences according to the model:
- •42. Fill in each blank with the correct form of a verb. These sentenceshave mixed tenses.
- •43. Translate into English.
- •44. Translate into English.
- •45. Open the brackets using the correct form of the verb.
- •46. Look at the pairs of pictures below and imagine yourself in each situation. Write what you would say usingif. There may be several possibilities for each pair.
- •47. Fill in each blank with the correct form of the verb in brackets. Both real conditions and unreal conditions are used.
- •48. Translate into English.
- •49. Translate into English.
- •Wishing
- •50. Paraphrase the following according to the model.
- •51. Fill in each blank to make a wish about the present.
- •52. Translate into English.
- •53. Paraphrase the following according to the model.
- •54. Fill in each blank to make a wish about the past.
- •55. Translate into English.
- •56. Paraphrase the following according to the model.
- •58. Look at the pictures and say what each person wishes, using the words given.
- •59. Fill in each blank to show a desire that someone does something differently.
- •60. Translate into English.
- •61. Complete the conversations with a sentence using wish.
- •62. Put the verb in brackets in the correct form. (Use could where suitable.)
- •64. Answer the following questions according to the model, mind the form of the auxiliary verb.
- •65. Open the brackets using the correct form of the verb in brackets.
- •66. Paraphrase the following sentences using object clause after the verb "wish".
- •67. Translate into English.
- •68. Translate into English.
- •69. Open the brackets.
- •70. Paraphrase the sentences, using that-clauses.
- •71. Translate into English.
- •72. Translate into English.
- •73. Open the brackets.
- •74. Paraphrase the sentences, using that-clauses.
- •75. Translate into English.
- •76. Translate into English.
- •77. Paraphrase the sentences, using that-clauses.
- •78. Translate into English.
- •79. Complete each of these sentences twice, once using should and once using another structure.
- •80. Fill in the gaps using the words given. There is usually more than one possible answer.
- •81. Open the brackets using the Subjunctive Mood.
- •82. Translate into English.
- •83. Translate into English.
- •As if / as though There is no difference between as if and as though.
- •The difference is clearer with obviously unreal comparisons:
- •84. Put the verbs in brackets in the most suitable form.
- •85. Paraphrase the parts in bold type.
- •86. Answer the following questions according to the model.
- •87. Translate into English.
- •88. Translate into English.
- •It is time…
- •89. Open the brackets using the correct form of the verb.
- •90. Paraphrase the sentences using the expression It is (about, high) time.
- •91. Translate into English.
- •92. Open the brackets using the correct form of the verb in brackets.
- •Even if / even though.
- •93. Put the verbs in brackets in the most suitable form.
- •94. Translate into English.
- •95. Translate into English.
- •96. Translate into English.
- •97. Translate into English.
- •98. Translate into English.
- •99. Translate into English.
- •100. Translate into English.
- •101. Translate into English.
- •Indirect speech and reporting
- •Conditional sentences in indirect speech.
- •Revision task 1.
- •Task 2.
Three kinds of conditional sentences
There are three kinds of conditional sentences: Conditional 1, Conditional 2, Conditional 3. Each kind contains a different pair of tenses, though with each type certain variations are possible.
§ 23.
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES TYPE 1.
This type of sentence implies that the action in the if-clause is quite probable. There are two kinds of Conditional sentences type 1: open conditionals (a) and general conditionals (b).
§ 24.
OPEN CONDITIONALS
These are open or real in the sense that they are a real possibility, now or at some later time. We use open conditions most often to talk about possible present or future situations:
If I give you the letter, will you come back again?
Sometimes we use an open condition to show logical reasoning – past or present – if A, then B – where we assume that the if-clause is likely:
If he’s your friend, I can say that you are lucky.
19. Translate into English.
1. Якщо ми не вийдемо зараз, ми пропустимо початок фільму. 2. Уяви, що ти все-таки переможеш у змаганнях. Що б ти зробив з виграними грошима? 3. Він дуже дивна людина: завжди носить дві пари годинників на випадок, якщо один з годинників зупиниться. 4. А що, якщо він сховався за штору, і ти його просто не помітив? 5. А що якщо він не завів будильник і проспав? 6. - Уяви, що це виявиться правдою. - Мені б цього не хотілося. 7. У деяких країнах дозволяється брати шлюби у віці шістнадцяти років за умови, що у вас є дозвіл батьків. 8. Я не вибачу тобі, якщо ти не вибачишся в присутності всіх наших знайомих. 9. Давай купимо ще одну піцу на випадок, якщо прийде Том. 10. Можна зіпсувати будь-який прилад, якщо не вивчити уважно інструкцію. 11. - А що якщо літак не вилетить вчасно? - Ну що ти, адже погода відмінна. 12. Якщо ти не позичиш мені гроші, я не зможу поїхати у відпустку. 13. А тепер уяви, що він би повернувся й застав тебе у своїй кімнаті. 14. Я завжди відключаю на ніч телефон на випадок, якщо хтось вирішить подзвонити занадто пізно. 15. - А що якщо годинник почне відставати? - Він не почне відставати за умови, що ти будеш його регулярно заводити. 16. Давай попрощаємося зараз на той випадок, якщо я вже не побачу тебе до від'їзду. 17. Якщо нічого не трапиться, ми встигнемо до початку зборів. 18. Ти можеш брати мою машину за умови, що ти не будеш перевищувати швидкість. 19. Їздити на машині дуже зручно, за умови, що завжди можна знайти місце для паркування. 20. А що якщо вона раптом забуде про цє? 21. Уяви, що ти виграв у лотерею поїздку за кордон. Куди б ти поїхав? 22. Ми подзвонили ще раз на той випадок, якщо вони не почули першого разу. 23. Вона напевно складе іспит за умови, що буде ретельно займатися у той час, що залишився до іспиту. 24. А що якщо він не прийде? 25. Я нічого не зрозумію, якщо ти не будеш говорити голосніше.
§ 25.
Sometimes we say things like: If that’s gold, I’ll eat my hat. We are claming that the if-clause is as unlikely as the main clause. In fact these are rhetorical conditions and function as strong statements: That isn’t gold. We use rhetorical conditions referring to minimal amounts to give strong assertion to the main clause:
She’s fifty, if she’s a day.
Freda will not proceed with the case, if I know anything of Freda.
But the judge in Freda’s court case used an indirect condition when he said:
The evidence … if I might say so, is less than useless.
We insert such idiomatic phrases to be more polite. Others include: