Pediatrics(2)
.pdfPediatrics
Clinical treatment guidelines By Dr: Essam Abdullah Hassan Pediatric consultant MBBCH,MSC PEDIATRICS Table of Contents
Acronyms...........................................................................
...........vi DIDACTION……………………………………………
…………vii. |
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1. Respiratory |
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Diseases................................................................ |
14 |
1.1. Rhinitis and |
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Rhinopharyngitis.............................................. |
14 |
1.2. Pneumonia..........................................................................
..16
1.3. Wheezing child/Asthma and
Bronchiolitis............................. |
27 |
1.3.1. Acute |
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Bronchiolitis............................................................ |
27 |
1.3.2. |
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Asthma............................................................................... |
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32 |
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1.4. Ear Nose and Throat |
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Conditions........................................... |
46 |
1.4.1. Acute Otitis |
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Media............................................................. |
46 |
1.4.2. Chronic Suppurative Otitis |
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Media…...................................49 |
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1.4.3. |
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Tonsillitis............................................................................ |
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.51 |
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1.4.4. Acute |
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Mastoiditis................................................................. |
55 |
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1.4.5. |
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Epistaxis............................................................................. |
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57 |
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1.4.6. |
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Sinusitis.............................................................................. |
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.59 |
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1.4.7. |
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Laryngitis........................................................................... |
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..61 |
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1.4.8. |
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Epiglottitis.......................................................................... |
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.63 |
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1.4.9. |
Pertussis (Whooping |
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cough)............................................... |
64 |
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1.4.10. Allergic |
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Rhinitis.................................................................. |
65 |
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2. Gastro-intestinal |
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Disorders......................................................... |
69 |
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2.1. |
Acute |
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Gastroenteritis............................................................. |
69 |
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2.2. Persistent |
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diarrhea.................................................................. |
76 |
2.3. Bloody |
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diarrhea...................................................................... |
81 |
2.4. |
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Constipation....................................................................... |
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....83 |
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2.5. Constipation and |
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Encopresis................................................. |
86 |
2.6. Upper Gastro-Intestinal Tract |
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Bleeding................................. |
88 |
2.7. Peptic Ulcer |
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disease................................................................ |
93 |
2.8. Gastroesophagial |
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Reflux........................................................ |
96 |
2.9. Tropical Splenomegaly (Hyperreactive malarious
splenomegaly) |
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(HMS)................................................................. |
102 |
3. Cardiovascular |
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Diseases.......................................................... |
104 |
3.1. Heart failure (Congestive Cardiac |
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Failure)............................ |
104 |
3.2. Cardiogenic |
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shock................................................................. |
111 |
3.3. Pulmonary |
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Oedema............................................................... |
113 |
3.4. Congenital Heart |
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diseases...................................................... |
115 |
3.4.1. |
Non Cyanotic Heart |
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diseases............................................. |
116 |
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3.4.2. |
Cyanotic Heart |
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diseases..................................................... |
122 |
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3.5. Acquired Heart |
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diseases......................................................... |
129 |
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3.5.1. |
Acute Rheumatic |
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Fever...................................................... |
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129 |
3.5.2. |
Rheumatic Heart |
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diseases.................................................. |
136 |
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3.5.3. |
Infective |
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Endocarditis......................................................... |
140 |
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3.6. |
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Cardiomyopathies.............................................................. |
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....147 |
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3.6.1. dilated |
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Cardiomyopathy...................................................... |
147 |
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3.6.2. |
Hypertrophic |
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Cardiomyopathy.......................................... |
149 |
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3.6.3. Restrictive |
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cardiomyopathy................................................ |
152 |
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3.7. Pericarditis/Pericardial |
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Effusion............................................. |
155 |
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3.8. Hypertension in |
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children........................................................ |
157 |
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3.9. Cardiac Arrhythmias in |
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children............................................ |
165 |
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3.10. |
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Bradyarrhythmias............................................................... |
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..171 |
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4. Haematological |
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Conditions....................................................... |
173 |
4.1. |
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Anemia............................................................................... |
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....174 |
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4.2. Sickle Cell |
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Anemia.................................................................. |
195 |
4.3. Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura |
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(ITP).......................... |
201 |
4.4
Haemophilia………………………………………..……
………211 |
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5. Endocrine System |
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Conditions................................................... |
215 |
5.1. diabetes Mellitus (Type I and Type |
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II)..................................... |
216 |
5.2. diabetic |
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Ketoacidosis............................................................... |
219 |
5.3. Hypoglycemia....................................................................
.....226 5.4 thyroid
disorders………………………..………………………2
28
5.4a
Hypothyroidism……………….…………………………
……228 5.5 SIADH
(Syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiureic hormone)…..230
5.6 Sexual developme………….…………………………………..2
32 |
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6. Musculoskeletal |
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Conditions..................................................... |
233 |
6.1. Septic |
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Arthritis..................................................................... |
233 |
6.2. Juvenile Rheumatoid |
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Arthritis............................................... |
235 |
7. Central Nervous |
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System.......................................................... |
238 |
7.1. |
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Epilepsy.............................................................................. |
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..238 |
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7.1a Febrile |
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Seizu………….…………..……...……………………24 |
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5 |
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7.1.1. Convulsive Status |
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Epilepticus........................................... |
247 |
7.2. Cerebral |
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Palsy....................................................................... |
251 |
7.3 Approach to a child with altered consciousness……………...254
8. |
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Dermatology....................................................................... |
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......255 |
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8.1. |
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Eczema............................................................................... |
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...256 |
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8.2. Bacterial Infections |
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(Impetigo).............................................. |
259 |
8.3. Fungal |
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Infections.................................................................. |
261 |
8.3.1. |
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dematophytes.................................................................... |
2 |
61 |
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8.4. Viral |
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Infections..................................................................... |
263 |
8.4.1. Herpes Zoster Virus (HZV) |
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Infection................................ |
263 |
8.5. Parasitic |
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Infections................................................................ |
266 |
8.5.1. |
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Scabies............................................................................... |
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266 |
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9. Infectious |
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Diseases................................................................... |
267 |
9.1. |
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Malaria............................................................................... |
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...267 |
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9.2. |
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Meningitis.......................................................................... |
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...268 |
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9.3. |
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Tetanus............................................................................... |
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..273 |
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9.4. |
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Hepatitis............................................................................. |
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..276 |
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9.5. Acute Liver |
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Failure............................................................... |
280 |
9.6. Septicaemia........................................................................
...284
9.7. Salmonella Infections (Typhoid
Fever) |
.................................291 |
References..........................................................................
...........294
Acronyms
ABC : Airway, Breathing, Circulation ABG : Arterial Blood Gases
ACE : Angiotensin Converting Enzyme
ACT : Artemisinin Combination Therapy
ACTH : Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone ADH : Antidiuretic Hormone
AHF : Acute Heart Failure
AIDS : Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ALAT : Alanine Transaminase
ALCAPA : Aberrant Left Coronary Artery from the Pulmonary Artery
ARA : Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists ARDS : Acute Respiratory distress Syndrome ARF : Acute Rheumatic Fever
ASLO : Anti-Streptolysin O
AST : Aspartate AminoTransferase AVSD : Atrio Ventricular Septal defect AVPU : Alert, Voice, Pain, Unresponsive BBE : Benzyl Benzoate Emulsion
BCG : Bacille Calmette -Guérin BD, BID : Twice per day
BE : Base Excess BP : Blood Pressure BW : Birth Weight
CAB : Circulation Airway Breathing CBC : Complete Blood Count
CCF : Congestive Cardiac Failure CHD : Congenital Heart disease
CK, CPK : Creatinine (Phospho) Kinase CKD : Chronic Kidney disease
CMV : CytoMegalo Virus CNS : Central Nervous System
COPD : Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary disease CPR : Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation
CRC : Corrected Reticulocyte Count CRP : C – Reactive Protein
CSF : Cephalo Spinal Fluid
CT : Computerized Tomography CVD : CardioVascular disease CVS : CardioVascular System CXR : Chest X-Ray
DIC : disseminated Intravascular Coagulation DKA : diabetic Keto-Acidosis
DM : diabetes Mellitus
DNA : deoxyribonucleic Acid DVT : deep Venous Thrombosis EBV : Epstein-Barr Virus
ECG : Electrocardiogram EEG : Electroencephalography ENT : Ear Nose and Throat
ESR : Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate FBC : Full Blood Count
GER : Gasto-Eosophageal Reflux
GFR : Glomerular Filtration Rate
GTCS : Generalized Tonic Clonic Seizures GIT : Gastro-Intestinal Tract
GORD : Gastro-Oesophageal Reflux diseases GXM : Group and Cross-Match
Hb : Hemoglobin
HCV : Hepatitis C Virus
HHS : Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State HIE : Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy