Congress

The Senate is composed of two members from each state, who are elected for a term of 6 years, one third being elected every two years. Besides its legislative functions, the Senate is entrusted with the power of approving or disapproving certain presidential appointments by a majority vote, ratifying or rejecting all treaties by the President with foreign countries, a two thirds majority of the senators being required for ratification. The number of representatives from each state to the House of Representatives is determined by the number of the population of the state, each state having at least one representative. The members of the House of Representatives are elected for two years.

UNIT 5

 CONVERSATION

Выучите диалоги наизусть.

– Could I go home early, James? I don’t feel very well.

• Yes, of course, Mary. What’s the matter?

• I feel dizzy.

• Do you mind if I open the window, Tom? It’s a bit stuffy here.

• No, not at all. Please do.

• Thank you.

• Would you mind if I borrowed your paper ?

• Actually, I’m just going to read it myself. Sorry.

• Never mind. It doesn’t matter.

 FOCUS ON GRAMMAR AND PRACTICE

THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

НАСТОЯЩЕЕ ПЕРФЕКТНОЕ ПРОДОЛЖЕННОЕ ВРЕМЯ

HAVE (HAS) + BEEN + P I (ING)

I have been waiting here for two hours.

Has he been waiting here for two hours?

He hasn’t been waiting that long.

Употребление

 1. Действие или состояние началось в прошлом и продолжается до настоящего момента (for five minutes, for two weeks, since Tuesday, etc.).

I have been writing the letter for an hour (already).

Я пишу письмо (уже) час.

 2. Со значением “в последнее время” (часто с lately или recently).

Recently, I have been feeling really tired.

She has been watching too much television lately.

Mary has been feeling a little depressed for a whole week.

 Обратите внимание на то, что вопрос Have you been feeling alright? имеет подтекст, что человек выглядит больным, а Have you been smoking? говорит о том, что от него пахнет табаком. Таким образом, употребление этого времени подразумевает, что вы видите, слышите или чувствуете результаты (последствия) действия.

Present Perfect Continuous не употребляется с глаголами состояния, вместо него используется Present Perfect.

Sam has had his car for two years.

THE PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

ПРОШЕДШЕЕ ПЕРФЕКТНОЕ ПРОДОЛЖЕННОЕ ВРЕМЯ

HAD BEEN + P I (ING)

I had been waiting there for two hours before she arrived.

Had he been waiting there for two hours before she arrived?

I hadn’t been waiting there for two hours before she arrived.

Употребление

1. Показывает, что действие началось перед другим действием или моментом в прошлом и длилось до этого действия.

I had been writing the letter for an hour when he came.

Я писал письмо (уже) час, когда он пришёл.

2. Показывает причинно-следственные отношения двух действий в прошлом.

Jason was tired because he had been jogging.

Sam gained weight because he had been overeating.

 Если отсутствуют указания типа for five minutes, for two weeks, часто предпочтительным оказывается Past Continuous. Существует также смысловая разница. Ср.: I was reading when my room-mate returned (действие прервалось). I had been reading for an hour when my room-mate returned (прекратил читать прямо перед приходом).

THE FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

БУДУЩЕЕ ПЕРФЕКТНОЕ ПРОДОЛЖЕННОЕ ВРЕМЯ

WILL HAVE BEEN + P I (ING)

I will have been waiting for two hours when her plane finally arrives.

Употребление

1. Будущее действие, которое начнётся ранее другого будущего момента и будет длиться в момент его наступления. Эта форма употребляется очень редко.

I will have been writing the letter for an hour when he comes.

Я буду писать письмо (уже) час, когда он придёт.

 2. Показывает причинно-следственные отношения двух действий в будущем.

Jason will be tired when he gets home because he will have been jogging for over an hour.

 Переведите предложения; объясните употребление временных форм. Поставьте все типы вопросов к данным предложениям и сделайте их отрицательными.

1. He has only been studying English for two years. 2. They have been publishing this law textbook for ten years. 3. They have been talking for the last 2 hours. 4. She has been working for that company for three years. 5. James has been teaching at the University since June.

 1. Составьте микродиалоги. Используйте выражения, данные в скобках.

Example:

You speak English well. (to study it for 10 years already)

– You speak English well. – Yes, I have been studying it for 10 years already.

1. John knows London perfectly well. No wonder, he (to live in it since his childhood). 2. You look tired. No wonder, I (to work all day long). 3.You want to have a hot bath. – Yes, I (to look forward to it) all day. 4. You look so elegant! – Thank you I (to choose a proper suit all morning). 5. Jim has soaked (промок) to the bone. – Poor kid ( to wait for Jane all day in the rain). 6. Raining again? – Oh, (to rain for weeks).

 2. Переведите предложения; объясните употребление временных форм. Сделайте их отрицательными. Поставьте все типы вопросов к двум предложениям.

1. His English will be perfect when he returns to Russia because he will have been studying it in the United States for over two years. 2. They will have been talking for over an hour by the time Tony arrives. 3. She will have been working for that company for three years when it finally closes. 4. James will have been teaching at the University for more than a year by the time he leaves for Japan. 5. I will have been reading for an hour when my room-mate returns. 6. I will have been studying Greek for three years by the end of this term. 7. I won't tell the student the answer until he has been working on the math problem for more than an hour. 8. By the time the meeting is over, the committee will have been arguing for three hours about which candidate to interview . 9. When he returns, they will have been working here for three months.

 3. Переведите предложения; объясните употребление временных форм. Поставьте все типы вопросов к данным предложениям и сделайте их отрицательными.

1. They had been digging in the garden for three days before they found the body. 2. She had been reading mystery novels for several years before she discovered the works of Agatha Christie. 3. James had been teaching at the University for more than a year before he left for Japan.

 4. Поставьте глаголы в нужную временную форму.

1. She only (study) English for two years before she got the job. 2. The children (run) around the school yard for ten minutes before the teachers came. 3. We (talk) about working on that problem and last night we finally started. 4. They (discuss) Tony’s idea for over an hour before he arrived. 5. She (work) for that company for three years when it went out of business.

RELATIVE PRONOUNS

ОТНОСИТЕЛЬНЫЕ МЕСТОИМЕНИЯ

who – кто, кого

whom – кого, кому = that = which – который (неодушевленный)

whose – чей

1. The man who (that) is sitting in the armchair is Mr Brown.

Человек, который сидит в кресле, – мистер Браун.

2. He is the man whom (that) we all like.

Он – человек, которого мы все любим.

3. There is a man whose name I always forget.

Есть человек, чье имя я все время забываю.

4. He has bought a camera which (that) is very expensive.

Он купил фотоаппарат, который очень дорого стоит.

5. It often rains in London, which is typical of its climate.

В Лондоне часто идет дождь, что типично для его климата.

В 5-ом предложении which относится ко всему предложению.

Эти местоимения могут опускаться, если они не выступают в роли подлежащего в придаточном предложении.

The man (whom) you are talking about is Mr. Brown.

The book (which) I bought yesterday is very interesting.

 1. Вставьте who, which, that, whom, whose. Скажите, можно ли опустить эти слова в этих предложениях.

1. The woman ____ is with him is his wife. 2. The book ____ is on the desk is a history book. 3. This is the man ____ I was looking for. 4. This is the hotel ____ you will stay at. 5. Where is the prescription ____ the doctor has left? 6. We shall have a tour of the country ____ will help you to know it better. 7. The chief of the police ____ work is very important takes care of the public safety (заботится об общественной безопасности). 8. My wife, to ____ you were speaking just now, wants you to come to dinner.

INDEFINITE AND NEGATIVE PRONOUNS

НЕОПРЕДЕЛЕННЫЕ И ОТРИЦАТЕЛЬНЫЕ МЕСТОИМЕНИЯ

В утвердительных предложениях	В вопросительных предложениях	В отрицательных предложениях
Some – несколько, какой-то, какой-нибудь I want to ask some questions.	Any – какой-нибудь, сколько-нибудь Have you got any questions?	No – никакой, нисколько I have no questions.
Something – что-то, что-нибудь She told me something interesting.	Anything – что-либо, что-нибудь Did he tell you anything interesting?	Nothing – ничего There is nothing in the box.
Somebody, someone – кто-то, кто-нибудь Ask somebody to help you.	Anybody, anyone – кто- либо, кто-нибудь Is anybody at home?	Nobody, no one, none – ни один, никто Nobody answers the phone.
Somewhere – где-нибудь, куда-нибудь Her relatives are somewhere in Australia.	Anywhere – где-либо, куда-либо Did you meet her anywhere else?	Nowhere – нигде, никуда – Where are you going? – Nowhere.

Some перед числительными переводится словами "приблизительно", "около".

There are some 15–20 students in each group.

В каждой группе около 15–20 студентов.

Any, anybody, anything, anywhere могут употребляться в утвердительных предложениях, где переводятся словами "любой", "какой угодно", "каждый", "что угодно", "где угодно".

Come any day. Приходите в любой день.

Anybody is able to do it. Каждый может сделать это.

– Where shall we go? – Куда мы пойдем?

– Anywhere. – Куда угодно.

Nobody, no one, nothing, nowhere употребляются для выражения отрицания с глаголом в утвердительной форме.

I do not see anybody at the exit (= I see nobody at the exit).

Я никого не вижу у входа.

Nothing can help me. Ничто не может мне помочь.

Nobody knows. Никто не знает.

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS	ВОЗВРАТНЫЕ И УСИЛИТЕЛЬНЫЕ МЕСТОИМЕНИЯ
I see myself		It sees itself
You see yourself		We see ourselves
He sees himself		You see yourselves
She sees herself		They see themselves

Self \ selves в русском языке соответствуют местоимению себя или глаголу с возвратной частицей -СЯ.

He recognized himself in his son. Он узнал себя в своем сыне.

They defended themselves bravely. Они храбро защищались.

Сравните:

очутиться	to find oneself
развлекаться	to amuse oneself
наслаждаться	to enjoy oneself
ушибиться	to hurt oneself
порезаться	to cut oneself

НО чувствовать себя to feel

вести себя to behave

Behave yourself! Веди себя прилично!

THE IMPERATIVE MOOD

ПОВЕЛИТЕЛЬНОЕ НАКЛОНЕНИЕ

Проанализируйте следующие примеры и скажите, как образуется повелительное наклонение в английском языке.

Take your luggage, please. Возьмите свой багаж, пожалуйста.

Do not smoke! Не курите!

Let's go to the bus. Пойдемте к автобусу.

Let's not go there. Давайте не пойдем туда.

Let him read. Дайте ему читать. (Пусть он читает).

А. Скажите X сделать следующее.

to go to the bar, to sit in that armchair, to reserve a room, to fill out the forms, to unpack your luggage, to pay the bill, to sing a song, to take in the medicine, to sit down, to call in a doctor, to take the temperature, to order dinner, to give you the menu.

Б. Скажите Х, чтобы он не делал вышеперечисленного.

В. Предложите Х что-то сделать вместе, а что-то не делать.

Example: Let's go to the library. Let's not go to the party.

Г. Скажите Х, чтобы это сделал Y. (Пусть он это сделает).

THE PRONOUN ONE

МЕСТОИМЕНИЕ ONE

Запомните, как употребляется неопределенное местоимение ONE.

1. One может обозначать неопределенное лицо.

One never knows. Никогда не знаешь.

One must follow the law. Нужно соблюдать закон.

2. One / ones могут употребляться вместо существительного во избежание его повторения.

I do not like this book. Give me another one.

Мне не нравится эта книга. Дайте мне другую.

 1. Выберите some или any.

1. There are not (some, any) chairs in the room. 2. There are (some, any) barristers among us. 3. There are (some, any) forms for you to fill in. 4. Have you (some, any) vacant (свободные) rooms? 5. Are there (some, any) rooms with balconies? 6. I have left (some, any) pieces of luggage behind in the bus. 7. The doctor has prescribed (some, any) medicine for him. 8. I think we shall start with (some, any) appetizers. 9. Please, ask them to bring (some, any) brown bread.

 2. Выберите правильный вариант.

1. Is there (anything, something) interesting to read? 2. I have (anything, something) to tell you. 3. Is (anybody, somebody) missing? 4. I have not seen him (anywhere, somewhere). 5. (anybody, somebody) is waiting for you at the door. 6. (anything, something) you want to clear up at the moment? 7. I want a room. (anything, something) special?

 3. Ответьте отрицательно, используя слова nobody, nothing, nowhere.

Example: – Where are you going? – Nowhere.

1. Where are you going? 2. Who are you talking to? 3. What are you doing? 4. Where have you been? 5. Who did you meet? 6. What did you say? 7. What did you want? 8. Who do you want to see? 9. Where did you go yesterday? 10. What are you thinking about?

 4. Используйте соответствующую форму местоимения: one или ones. Переведите предложения.

1. I would like yellow curtains. I do not like red ... 2. I have lost my suit-case. I must buy a new ... 3. This medicine did not help. I must try another ... 4. We have five rooms, but this is the best ... 5. John has three daughters, and Mary is the most beautiful ... 6. I like peaches, but I don’t like this ... .

 READING

TEXT A

Выучите слова и выражения.

to establish	устанавливать
to separate	разделять
the supreme law of the land	верховный закон страны
to begin to function	начать функционировать
preamble	преамбула
article	статья
amendment	поправка
to provide adequate guarantees of individual liberties	обеспечивать должные гарантии индивидуальных свобод
to abolish	отменять
a convention for proposing amendments	съезд (собрание) для предложения поправок

Дайте ответы на следующие вопросы.

1. What kind of document is the US Constitution?

2. When did the Constitution begin to function?

3. What parts does it consist of?

4. When was The Bill of Rights adopted? What does it guarantee?

5. How can the US Constitution be amended?