The lawyer in our society

1 No society can function without rules. There are frictions and difficulties between neighbors, between businessmen and their competitors, between husbands and wives and employers and employees. It is the lawyer's job to help people apply the rules in these situations: to avoid trouble where they can, and to resolve conflicts fairly where they cannot.

2 Because the society is complex and gives rise to many problems, the lawyer with his special training is essential to its operation and to the well-being of the people. Most lawyers spend most of their time counseling people on business or personal matters, drawing documents like contracts, wills, adoption papers, deeds and leases. In contributing to the orderly conduct of our affairs and the orderly solution of our problems, they are, in a real sense, the glue that holds the society together.

3 In addition, lawyers have another important role in the control of crime. Even in an organized, "civilized" society, people lie and cheat, steal and fight, and all too often kill. Laws are written to provide penalties for lying and cheating, stealing and fighting and killing. Courts are established to hear charges of such conduct and impose the penalties if the charges are proved. Lawyers are trained and licensed to help people obtain the full protection of the laws, on the one hand, and, on the other, to make sure that if a person does violate the law, he/she is convicted only of the offense he/she actually committed and that the penalty imposed on such a person is no greater than the law provides.

4 The lawyer's duty is to employ every proper method of asserting personal rights. Every person accused of having committed a crime, every person whose civil rights have been violated, has the right to legal advice and legal representation.

5 The demand for lawyers' services of all kinds is steadily growing. Tensions among various groups in society result in lawlessness that requires more lawyers than ever in the criminal courts. Governmental programs in areas – such as the protection of consumers against frauds and the control of pollution of the environment – also require new lawyers.

6 The growing complexity of the income and estate tax laws makes it increasingly difficult for persons who have the gift of making money to hold on to it and to pass it on to their families. We know lawyers to be more in demand here than ever before.

7 There is scarcely an area of American life in which social, political and economic developments are not increasing the demand for lawyers.

41. No society can function without rules. A true B false

42. It is the lawyer’s job to help people to avoid trouble where they can and to resolve conflicts fairly where they cannot.

A true B false

43. Lawyers spend their time counseling people on business matters, but they never deal with personal problems.

A true B false

44. In fact, lawyers are in a real sense the glue that holds the society together.

A true B false

45. Laws are written to provide penalties for lying and cheating, stealing and fighting and killing.

A true B false

46. In an organized, “civilized” society people never kill.

A true B false

47. The lawyer’s duty is to employ any legal method of asserting personal rights.

A true B false

48. Every person accused of having committed a crime is entitled to legal representation.

A true B false

49. Tensions among various groups in society result in lawlessness that requires more lawyers than ever in the criminal courts.

A true B false

50. The growing complexity of the income and estate tax laws makes it easy for persons who have the gift of making money to hold on to it and to pass it on to their families.

A true B false

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Which paragraph is the following mentioned in?

51. . Помогать людям получить полную защиту закона.

A 4 B 1 C 3 D 6

52. Вряд ли существует сфера в американской жизни, где бы не требовались юристы.

A 5 B 7 C 2 D 6

53. Каждый человек имеет право на юридическую консультацию и представительство.

A 4 B 3 C 1 D 2

54. Суды должны назначать наказания, если обвинения доказаны.

A 1 B 4 C 6 D 3

55. Правительственные программы также требуют новых юристов.

A 3 B 2 C 5 D 4

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What is the meaning of the following words in the text?

56. avoid

A пустой B пустовать C избежать D пропустить

57. resolve

A резолюция B разрешать C заново решить D вступать

58. fraud

A кража B растрата C нападение D мошенничество

59. on the one hand

A не с руки B под рукой C с одной стороны D со стороны

60. will

A будет B завещать C пожелание D завещание

TAKE-HOME TEST 2

Choose the correct answer. Only one answer is correct.

1. Your case is more difficult _____ mine. A then B as C than D that

2. There is no connection ______ the two crimes. A among B of C between D in

3. Nobody ______ injured. A is B isn’t C aren’t D are

4. They came _____ . A early in the morning B in early the morning C early the morning D in the morning early

5. I _____ the car now. A am not hearing B can’t hearing C am not hear D can’t hear

6. _____ radio is on the table? A Who’s B Whoes C Whose D Whos’

7. Please answer _____ questions. A their B them C to their D to them

8. “_____ ?” “She is tall and clever.” A How is she like B What is she like C What is she D Who is she

9. Gerald read the story, _____ he? A didn’t B doesn’t C don’t D isn’t

10. Henry arrived _____ station at 9. A to B at the C to the D on the

11. They _____ the bus. A was waiting for B were waiting for C was waiting D were waiting

12. They won’t do that, _____ ? A won’t they B did they C will they D will they not

13. They described the bank robber ______ tall and dark-haired.

A like B with C for D as

14. He isn’t in London now because he ______ to the Continent. A has been B was going C will going D has gone

15. I can only see _____ . A a few bottle B a little bottles C a few bottles D many bottles

16. How ______ of matches have we got? A much boxes B many box C much box D many boxes

17. He came _____ train. A with B with a C by D by a

18. _____ to the station when I saw you this morning? A Have you gone B Are you going C Were you going D Have you been going

19. “What do you do?” “_____ .” A I’m a typist B I’m typing a letter C I typing letters D I’m type letter

20. When the telephone rang, she _____ a letter. A writes B will write C has written D was writing

21. If it _____ nice tomorrow, we’ll go to the country. A is B will C will be D would be

22. We _____ the sights of the city. A will shown B have showing C were shown D were showed

23. I _____ English since I was at school. A didn’t speak B don’t speak C haven’t spoken D speaking

24. Tell me more about your work, I’m very _____ . A interesting B interested for it C interesting in it D interested in it

25. “_____ ?” “I have a bad headache.” A What does it matter B What matters C What is matter with you D What’s the matter with you

26. I’m sorry, but you _____ several mistakes. A wrote B told C did D made

27. “Have you ever met Tom?” “Yes, we _____ at the trial.” A met B have met C were meeting D had met

28. When he came two minutes ago, everybody else _____ . A had already arrived B has already arrived C have already been there D were there

29. She told me that they had been robbed _____ all their money. A from B for C with D of

30. He had an accident and _____ to hospital. A was brought B was taken C had been taken D had to take

31. If we keep on at this speed, we’ll reach the top _____ an hour. A after B in C – D less than

32. “I’m sorry, I can’t do the shopping today.” “OK, _____ it then.” A I’m going to do B I’ll do C I’m doing D I do

33. I was _____ . A yesterday at home all day B yesterday all day at home C at home all day yesterday D all day at home yesterday

34. “Have you been to London?” “_____ .” A Until now not B Already not C Still not D Not yet

35. I _____ time to do it yet. A have had B haven’t had C hadn’t D didn’t

36. I've been working here _____ I left Harvard Business School. A for B since C while D when

37. You should visit the Empire State building _____ you are in New York. A for B since C while D however

38. As soon as I shut the front door, I realised that I _____ my key in the house. A had left B have left C left D was leaving

39. This particular problem _____ by the lawyers of the company at this moment. A is being discussed B is discussing C is discussed D was discussing

40. The crime rate_____ in the last twenty years. A is increased B has increased C will have increased D had increased

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Read the text below and choose the correct answer that corresponds to the facts in the text. Translate the text.