 Reading

TEXT A

Выучите слова

rule	норма
impact	влияние, воздействие
to outline	намечать (в общих чертах)
framework	каркас, рамки
attorney	зд. адвокат
adversarial	зд. соревновательный
accusatorial	обвинительный
desire	желание , стремление
to ensure	обеспечить, гарантировать

Прочитайте текст и будьте готовы ответить на вопросы. Текст переведите.

1. What is criminal procedure composed of?

2. Where is the procedure for criminal trials in federal courts outlined?

3. What does the US Constitution Bill of Rights provide?

4. What does an adversarial / accusatorial model mean?

5. What are the rules of criminal procedure designed for?

6. Are the rules of criminal procedure different from those of civil procedure? Why?

Criminal procedure

Criminal procedure is composed of the rules governing the series of proceedings through which the substantive criminal law is enforced. In the United States, most crimes are defined by local and state governments, though the federal government has adopted its own criminal code to deal with activities extending beyond state boundaries or having special impact on federal operations.

The procedure for criminal trials in federal courts is outlined in Title 18. States also have statutes that set out the framework for criminal procedure, subject to important constitutional limits. For example, the U.S. Constitution Bill of Rights provides basic protections, including the right to an attorney, the right against self-incrimination, the right to confront witnesses, and the right to a jury trial. State constitutions may increase, but not take away from the federal protections.

The American criminal system is an adversarial and accusatorial model. Criminal procedure must balance the defendant's rights and the state's interests in a speedy and efficient trial with the desire for justice. Therefore, the rules of criminal procedure are designed to ensure that a defendant's rights are protected.

The rules of criminal procedure are different from those of civil procedure, because the two areas (criminal and civil) have different objectives and results. In criminal cases, the state brings the suit and must show guilt beyond a reasonable doubt, while in civil cases the plaintiff brings the suit and must only show the defendant is liable by a preponderance of the evidence.

TEXT B

Прочтите и переведите текст.

Juvenile justice

Juvenile justice is the area of criminal law applicable to persons not old enough to be held responsible for criminal acts. In most states, the age for criminal culpability is set at 18 years. Juvenile law is mainly governed by state law and most states have enacted a juvenile code. The main goal of the juvenile justice system is rehabilitation rather than punishment.

Juveniles can be transferred into adult court if the juvenile court waives or relinquishes its jurisdiction.

State statutes creating juvenile courts and providing methods for dealing with juvenile delinquency have generally been upheld by courts as an acceptable extension of state police power to ensure the safety and welfare of children. The doctrine of parens patriae authorizes the state to legislate for the protection, care, custody, and maintenance of children within its jurisdiction.

The federal role in the field has largely been that of funder and standard setter. Congress passed the Juvenile Delinquency Prevention and Control Act in 1968. This was later revised in 1972, and renamed the Juvenile Delinquency Prevention Act. The stated purpose of the act is to assist states and local communities in providing community based preventative services to youths in danger of becoming delinquent, to help train individuals in occupations providing such services, and to provide technical assistance in the field.

The Federal Juvenile Delinquency Act defines juvenile delinquency (any act that is otherwise a crime, but is committed by someone under 18 years of age) and sets forth rules by which state laws must comply with regard to juvenile court procedures and punishments.

UNIT 13

 CONVERSATION

– What are you doing?

– I am reading a newspaper.

– How long have you been reading it?

– I have been reading it for half an hour.

– What are you doing?

– I am reading a book.

– How long have you been reading?

– I have been reading for an hour.

 FOCUS ON GRAMMAR AND PRACTICE

COMPLEX OBJECT

СЛОЖНОЕ ДОПОЛНЕНИЕ

В английском языке дополнение может состоять из группы слов, в состав которой входит существительное или местоимение в косвенном падеже и инфинитив или пpичастие. Такое дополнение называется сложным. На русский язык сложное дополнение переводится придаточным предложением с союзами что, как, чтобы. При этом существительное (местоимение в косвенном падеже) становится подлежащим русского придаточного предложения, а инфинитив или причастие – сказуемым.

I know this lawyer (him) to work successfully.	Я знаю, что этот юрист работает успешно.
I want you to come at 5.	Я хочу, чтобы Вы пришли в 5 часов.
He watched them discussing the problem.	Он наблюдал, как они обсуждали проблему.

Разница между сложным дополнением с инфинитивом и причастием состоит в том, что первое выражает факт (что), а второе процесс (как) совершения действия.

Сложное дополнение с инфинитивом употребляется после глаголов:

а) выражающих желание – to want (хотеть); to wish, to desire (желать); should (would) like (хотел бы);

б) выражающих предположение – to expect (ожидать); to think (думать); to believe (полагать, считать); to suppose (полагать); to consider (считать); to find (находить);

в) выражающих приказание, просьбу, разрешение – to command (приказывать); to ask (просить); to allow (разрешать), etc.

Перевод сложного дополнения с инфинитивом зависит от формы инфинитива. Простой инфинитив переводится настоящим временем, перфектный – прошедшим временем, а страдательный – сказуемым страдательного залога.

Сложное дополнение, как с инфинитивом, так и причастием, также употребляется после глаголов, выражающих чувственное восприятие:

to see (видеть); to hear (слышать); to notice (замечать); to feel (чувствовать); to observe, to watch (наблюдать), etc.

В этом случае в следующей за ними конструкции сложного дополнения частица to перед инфинитивом не употребляется:

I noticed him enter the room.	Я заметил, что он вошел в комнату.
He saw the police struggling with the crowd.	Он видел, как полиция борется с толпой.

Примечание: после глагола to make в значении "заставлять, принуждать" частица to тоже опускается.

He made him do this work.

Он заставил его сделать эту работу.

Пpи употреблении P II в сложном дополнении причастие выражает не процесс, а результат действия.

He saw his career ruined.

Он видел, что его карьера pазpушена.

 1. Посмотрите на пример и сделайте так же.

Example: I want to be introduced to Mr. Brown. (you)

I want you to introduce me to Mr. Brown.

1. The injured man wanted to be examined. (doctor)

2. I don’t like to be asked personal questions. (strangers)

3. He expected to be informed on the progress in the investigation. (detective)

4. I should like to be introduced to him. (his friend)

5. He wants to be treated properly. (the chief)

 2. Посмотрите на пример и сделайте так же.

Example: I heard him. He was answering the phone call.

I heard him answering the phone call.

1. I saw him. He was filling the form out.

2. I noticed him. He entered the hotel.

3. I will let you. You will have my camera for the evening.

4. I noticed him. He was standing at the corner.

5. They watched him. He talked to the man.

 3. Переведите на русский язык.

1. I think the demand for lawyers to be constantly increasing.

2. The author believes governmental programmes to require new lawyers.

3. He found the tension among various groups to be critical.

4. They expected the charges against him to be serious.

5. He saw them talking to the lawyer.

6. She considered counseling to be the most time-consuming part.

 4. Переведите на английский язык, используя Complex Object.

1. Он заставил его совершить этот поступок.

2. Она хотела, чтобы они избежали неприятностей.

3. Многие люди считают, что юрист является важной частью цивилизованного общества.

4. Она знает, что он совершил эту махинацию.

5. Она считает, что роль юриста будет возрастать.