 Reading

TEXT A

Выучите слова.

homicide	убийство, лишение жизни
felony	тяжкое преступление
malice aforethought	злой умысел
intentional	преднамеренный
deliberation	преднамеренность, намерение
premeditation	заранее обдуманное намерение, предумышленность
harsh	жесткий, жестокий
accomplice	соучастник
to contemplate	обдумывать, замышлять
manslaughter	непредумышленное убийство
negligent	халатный
kidnapping	похищение человека с целью выкупа
to extort	вымогать
ransom	выкуп
to confine	ограничивать
aggravated	с отягчающими обстоятельствами
robbery	ограбление
assault and battery	оскорбление словом и действием
weapon	оружие, орудие
imminent	неминуемый, неизбежный
consent	согласие
life and limb	жизнь и физическая неприкосновенность

Прочитайте текст и будьте готовы ответить на вопросы. Текст переведите.

1. What is homicide?

2. What is murder?

3. What is the difference between first and second degree murder? What is the difference in punishment?

4. What is a felony-murder rule?

5. What is manslaughter?

6. What is robbery / kidnapping / assault and battery?

CRIMES AGAINST THE PERSON

Homicide is the killing of another human being; some homicides are excusable and others are crimes, usually felonies. Murder is a killing with "malice aforethought", which means an intentional killing.

The necessary intent needs only be an intention to cause great bodily harm or other actions taken with the knowledge that someone's death will probably result. Murder is in the second degree unless there is a showing of deliberation and premeditation, in which case it is first-degree murder. No minimum time period or amount of planning is necessary to constitute deliberation and premeditation.

In some jurisdictions there is a felony-murder rule stating that any killing that takes place during the course of any felony will constitute murder. Under some circumstances, such as a killing during the commission of felony punishable by life imprisonment, it may be ranked as murder in the first degree. First-degree murder has a more severe penalty than second-degree murder, such as death penalty or life imprisonment with no parole.

A killing that takes place unjustifiably but in the heat of passion or under provocation is considered unintentional and, therefore, is defined as the less serious offence, or manslaughter. In addition, grossly reckless behavior, such as driving a car while under the influence of a strong dosage of drugs or narcotics, may constitute manslaughter if someone's death results.

There are many other crimes against the person. Kidnapping is the forcible confining or taking of a person against his will.

Robbery is the stealing of somebody's property by using force against the person with custody of the property or by threatening that person and putting him in fear.

Assault and battery is an unjustified and intentional touching of another person with an intent to injure that person. An assault is simply an attempted assault and battery or a threat of an imminent assault and battery that puts someone in immediate and reasonable fear. Simple assault or simple assault and battery are usually misdemeanors.

There are numerous kinds of aggravated assaults, most of which are felonies. Some of them are aggravated by an additional element of intent, such as assault with an intent to murder, rape, or rob.

TEXT B

Прочтите и переведите текст.

ASSAULT

The tort of assault is often mistaken for the tort of battery. Battery involves freedom from the awareness of an impending battery. No touching is necessary, only the impending threat of a battery coupled with some act toward accomplishing that battery.

Throwing a punch and hitting someone is a battery. Throwing a punch and missing is an assault. The injury to the victim is not physical but mental. It is the awareness that a battery is about to be committed.

Awareness is not the same as fear. A weakling can assault the toughest fighter, even though the fighter is not afraid, merely by making the fighter aware that a battery will occur.

The assailant must have an apparent and present ability to carry out the battery for an assault to exist. The word apparent is used to show that an assault may occur even when the assailant does not, in fact, have the ability to commit a battery. The victim only has to reasonably believe that a battery is about to be committed against him. One who lunges at another with what looks to be a knife commits an assault even if he has no intention to stab the victim or if the knife is actually rubber. As long as the victim was reasonable in his awareness that he was about to be stabbed, an assault occurred.

The victim must also reasonably believe that the battery is impending. No assault is committed when the alleged assailant is too far away from the victim to harm him. Nor does an assault occur when the alleged assailant merely prepares to take some action, as when he shows a weapon, such as a blackjack. By the same token, words alone are not an assault, no matter how threatening. It has been generally thought that words do not produce an awareness of an impending touching.

An assault is committed, however, when violent words are accompanied by an act, which, without the words, would be inoffensive. For example, in a heated verbal exchange between two enemies, one raises his arm to scratch his head. The combination of words and gesture may create a reasonable awareness of a forthcoming battery, which in other circumstances may be unjustified.

UNIT 14

 CONVERSATION

– What are you doing?

– I’m writing a report.

– How long have you been writing it?

– I've been writing it since morning.

– Oh, it's afternoon already and you may have a rest.

– You are right! Let's have a bite.

– Hi! What's the matter?

– I've been looking for the book and can't find it anywhere.

– What book?

– About the Judicial System of Great Britain.

– Don't worry! I've taken it.

 FOCUS ON GRAMMAR AND PRACTICE

COMPLEX SUBJECT

СЛОЖНОЕ ПОДЛЕЖАЩЕЕ

Сложное подлежащее состоит из существительного или местоимения в именительном падеже и инфинитива. Между ними обычно находится сказуемое. В качестве сказуемого употребляются следующие глаголы:

а) в страдательном залоге: to say (говорить), to report (сообщать), to expect (ожидать), to know (знать), to think (думать), to consider (считать), to show (показывать), to see (видеть), to find (находить), to hear (слышать), to observe (наблюдать), to reveal (обнаруживать), to estimate (оценивать), to believe (полагать), to suppose (предполагать, полагать).

He is said to live here.

Говорят, что он живет здесь.

б) в действительном залоге: to seem, to appear, to happen, to chance, to prove, to turn out.

He appears to be wounded.

Кажется, что он ранен.

Примечание: Сказуемыми могут быть to be likely (вероятно); to be unlikely (вряд ли); to be certain (несомненно); to be sure (наверняка).

Инфинитив после этих выражений переводится будущим временем.

He is likely to go there.

Вероятно, он туда пойдет.

Перевод предложений со сложным подлежащим рекомендуется начинать со сказуемого. Сказуемое переводится неопределенно-личным оборотом или вводным словом. Инфинитив переводится сказуемым придаточного предложения. Он может быть простым, перфектным или страдательным.

Если употребляется простой инфинитив, он переводится настоящим временем, перфектный – прошедшим, а страдательный – сказуемым как в действительном, так и страдательном залоге в соответствующем времени.

He is said to live here.	Говорят, что он живет здесь.
He is said to have lived here.	Говорят, что он жил здесь.
The problem is thought to be discussed at the meeting.	Думают, что эту проблему будут обсуждать на собрании (эта проблема будет обсуждаться).

 1. Посмотрите на пример и сделайте так же.

Example: They know it. He lived here.

He is known to have lived here.

1. He will come late. We expect him. 2. He was killed in an accident. They say so. 3. He was a judge. They know it. 4. He talked to her. They saw it. 5. Birmingham is about 150 km. from London. It is common knowledge. 6. The crime rate will increase. It is certain. 7. The city is famous for its industry. They say so.

2. Переведите на английский язык.

1. Говоpят, что он консультиpует клиентов по вопpосам о pазводе. 2. Полагают, что опыт pаботы в суде ценен для каждого юpиста. 3. Сообщают, что он избежал судебного дела, пользуясь советами своего юpиста. 4. Видели, как он вошел в офис юpиста, котоpый занимается вопpосами о недвижимости. 5. Кажется, он pешил сосредоточиться на судебной pаботе.