Three kinds of lawyer

Lawyers fill many roles. Some are primarily advisers to private individuals managing their personal affairs; others develop expertise in specialized fields; still others concentrate on trial work. Three of the most familiar kinds of lawyers are described below.

The Family Lawyer. The so-called family lawyer is a generalist in much the same sense as the old family doctor. Usually active in the affairs of his community, he advises his clients on matters, such as leases, contracts, the purchase and sale of real estate, divorce and separation proceedings, adoption and hundreds of other problems that arise in an ordinary lifetime. He is a friend and a counselor in time of trouble. One of his most important functions is to keep you out of litigation unless it is clearly necessary.

The Corporation Lawyer. The corporation lawyer is a salaried employee of a company for which he has gone to work either after passing his bar examination or, more likely, after a period of employment with a large law firm. He specializes in whatever fields of law are of particular importance to his company. A lawyer working for a publishing company might be particularly strong in areas such as copyright law, plagiarism, and the interpretation of royalty contracts. He may or may not be involved in courtroom work.

The Trial Lawyer. Although some successful lawyers never appear in court, many individuals and firms represent parties in litigation. The trial lawyer does not limit himself to courtroom work, but his greater experience in it makes him alert to procedural points and nuances in the presentation of evidence that might escape a competent attorney whose major interests lie elsewhere. Some courtroom experience is valuable to any lawyer, regardless of his special field of competence.

UNIT 3

 CONVERSATION (SOCIAL ENGLISH)

Выучите диалоги наизусть.

• Excuse me.

• Yes?

• Do you have a light?

• I’m sorry. I don’t smoke.

• That’s OK.

• I’m sorry I’m late. The traffic is bad today.

• Don’t worry. Come and sit down. We’re on page 30.

• Can I open the window? It’ very hot in here.

• Really? I’m quite cold.

• OK. It doesn’t matter.

 FOCUS ON GRAMMAR AND PRACTICE

THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

НАСТОЯЩЕЕ ПРОДОЛЖЕННОЕ ВРЕМЯ

AM (IS, ARE) + PI (ING)

I am writing a letter.

Is he writing a letter now?

He isn’t writing a letter now.

Употребление

1. Употребляется, когда мы говорим о действии, имеющем место в момент разговора или сейчас в широком смысле (даже если они не происходят в момент разговора).

I’m talking on the phone. The company is setting up new fitness clubs in the city and hopes to expand to other places.

2. Временное состояние – действие/состояние временное, а не постоянное.

He organizes our conferences. (постоянная обязанность)

He is away on his vacation, so I am doing all the work. (временно)

3. Медленные изменения – тенденции и медленные изменения, которые имеют место в настоящее время.

The latest statistics show that crime in the country is rising.

4. Спланированное действие в будущем (часто с arrive, leave, come, go , etc.).

We’re spending next winter in Australia.

He’s arriving tomorrow morning on the 13.27 train.

5. Постоянно повторяющиеся действия в настоящем (часто с constantly, always, forever, continually).

She’s always helping people.

Имеется ряд глаголов, которые описывают состояния, а не действия. Они обычно не используются в продолженных временах.

Глаголы размышления: believe, doubt, guess, imagine, know, realize, suppose, understand.

Глаголы чувственного восприятия: hear, smell, sound, taste.

Глаголы владения: belong to, have (possess), own, possess.

Глаголы эмоционального восприятия: dislike, hate, like, love, prefer, regret, want, wish.

Другие глаголы: contain, depend on, include, involve, mean, measure, weigh, figure, appear, seem.

THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE

ПРОШЕДШЕЕ ПРОДОЛЖЕННОЕ ВРЕМЯ

WAS (WERE) + P I (ING)

I was writing a letter at five o’clock.

Was he studying when she called?

I wasn’t studying when she called.

Употребление

1. Длительное действие, совершавшееся в определенный момент или период в прошлом.

I was examining the crime scene at five o’clock.

2. Два параллельных действия в прошлом.

I was studying while he was making dinner.

3. Ряд параллельных действий в прошлом для передачи атмосферы.

When I walked into the office, several people were busily typing, some were talking on the phones, the boss was yelling directions, and customers were waiting to be helped. One customer was yelling at a secretary and waving his hands. Others were complaining to each other about the bad service.

4. Постоянные действия в прошлом, с оттенком раздражения.

She was always coming to class late.

THE FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE

БУДУЩЕЕ ПРОДОЛЖЕННОЕ ВРЕМЯ

WILL (SHALL) + BE + P I (ING)

I will be writing a letter at five o’clock.

Will he be writing a report at five o’clock?

He won’t be doing anything tomorrow evening.

Употребление

1. Обозначает действие, которое будет длиться в определенный момент или период в будущем.

This time tomorrow I’ll be lying on a beach in Tunisia.

Don’t telephone after eight – I’ll be having a dinner party.

2. Обозначает действие, которое произойдет в будущем

а) в ходе естественного течения событий.

John is tired. He will be coming to bed directly.

The train will be arriving soon.

б) согласно решению или плану

Professor Jones will be giving another lecture on the subject at the same time next week.

в) в вопросах о планах (чтобы сделать вопрос более вежливым и тактичным).

Will you be using the car tomorrow? If not, can I borrow it?

When will you be coming?

г) вместо Future Indefinite, чтобы избежать модального оттенка.

Ср. He’ll do his best. (он намерен)

He’ll be doing his best. (просто будущее действие)

Продолженная форма может употребляться и после to be going to.

I’m going to be working all day tomorrow, so I won’t have time to buy a present for Jane.

Это время иногда также может употребляться с глаголами, которые обычно не употребляются в форме Continuous.

I shan’t be seeing her again in any case.

What’s your brother like? I shall be knowing him in Oxford.

 1. Переведите предложения; объясните употребление временных форм.

1. I'm sorry, I don't understand what you mean. 2. I am watching TV. 3. He is quickly learning the language. 4. You are learning English now. 5. They are reading their books. 6. I am meeting some friends after work. 7. I am not studying to become a lawyer. 8. I am not reading any books right now. 9. I am not going to the party tonight. 10. Isn't he coming with us tonight? 11. She is always coming to class late. 12. He is constantly talking. I wish he would shut up. 13. I don't like them because they are always complaining. 14. He is looking for the first paperback editions of all of this law textbook. 15. She loves chocolate.

 2. Поставьте все типы вопросов к данным предложениям. Сделайте предложения отрицательными.

1. I am studying to become a lawyer. 2. I am reading a book on Business Law at present. 3. She is working on a special project at work. 4. They are teaching at the University now. 5. He is visiting his parents next weekend. 6. They are looking for fingerprints on the second floor of the shop. 7. The police are going up and down in front of the building.

 3. Переведите предложения; объясните употребление временных форм.

1. While Jane was reading, Tim was watching television. 2. They were eating dinner, discussing their plans, and having a good time. 3. I had dinner at 6 p.m. last night. 4. Last night at 6 p.m., I was having dinner. 5. While I was studying, she called. 6. I was watching TV when she called. 7. When the phone rang, she was writing a letter.

 4. Поставьте все типы вопросов к данным предложениям. Сделайте предложения отрицательными.

1. The salesman was helping the customer when the thief came into the store. 2. He was telling a story about the robbery when the telephone rang. 3. When the bell rang, Jeff was writing something on the blackboard. 4. They were patiently waiting for the delivery of the papers. 5. Between 1942 and 1944, their families were hiding in a deserted office building.

 5. Переведите предложения; объясните употребление временных форм.

1. I will be watching TV when she arrives tonight. 2. While I am working, Steve will make dinner. 3. I am going to be staying at the Madison Hotel, if anything happens and you need to contact me. 4. Tonight at 6 p.m., I am going to have dinner. Tonight at 6 p.m., I am going to be having dinner. 5. When I arrive at the party, everybody is going to be celebrating. Some will be dancing. Others are going to be talking. A few people will be eating pizza and several people are going to be drinking beer. They always do the same thing. 6. Jane will be at my place when you arrive. 7. I am going to be studying while he is making dinner. The glee club will be performing at the celebration of the town's centenary.

 6. Поставьте все типы вопросов к данным предложениям. Сделайте предложения отрицательными.

1. I will be waiting for you when your bus arrives. 2. He will be studying at the library tonight, so he will not see Jennifer when she arrives. 3. Tonight at 6 p.m., I am going to be eating dinner. 4. At midnight tonight, we will still be driving through the desert. 5. While Ellen is reading, Tim will be watching television.

NUMERALS	ЧИСЛИТЕЛЬНЫЕ
КОЛИЧЕСТВЕННЫЕ	ПОРЯДКОВЫЕ
1 one	first
2 two	second
3 three	third
4 four	fourth
5 five	fifth
6 six	sixth
7 seven	seventh
8 eight	eighth
9 nine	ninth
10 ten	tenth
11 eleven	eleventh
12 twelve	twelfth
13 thirteen	thirteenth
14 fourteen	fourteenth
15 fifteen	fifteenth
16 sixteen	sixteenth
17 seventeen	seventeenth
18 eighteen	eighteenth
19 nineteen	nineteenth
20 twenty	twentieth
21 twenty-one	twenty-first
30 thirty	thirtieth
40 forty	fortieth
50 fifty
60 sixty
70 seventy
80 eighty
90 ninety
100 a (one) hundred
101 a (one) hundred and one
200 two hundred
255 two hundred and fifty-five
1000 a (one) thousand
1001 a (one) thousand and one
1225 a (one) thousand two hundred and twenty-five
2000 two thousand
100,000 a (one) hundred thousand
1,000,000 a (one) million
1,000,000,000 a (one) billion

Дроби:

1/2	a/one half	0.5	nought point five
1/3	a/one third	0.25	nought point two five
1/4	a/one quarter	0.02	nought point oh two
3/7	three seventh	1.6	one point six

Даты

July, 1990 – the tenth of July, nineteen ninety.

Номера телефонов

33758 – double three seven five eight

01-324-8326 – oh one (пауза) three two four (пауза) eight three two six

 1. а) напишите словами даты рождения двух членов группы;

б) их номера телефонов.

 2. Напишите словами.

1.	1/2	6.	3.95	11.	369
2.	1/4	7.	2/7	12.	202
3.	0.49	8.	1.5	13.	2035
4.	0.7	9.	1/3	14.	1226
5.	5/9	10.	0.69	15.	3276

WORD ORDER

ПОРЯДОК СЛОВ

В английском языке порядок слов в утвердительном простом предложении является твердым (фиксированным). Это важно помнить, поскольку значение слова, а также его роль в предложении зависит от места, которое оно занимает.

Изучите таблицу, где показан типичный порядок слов в предложении. Обратите внимание, что слова, обозначающие время совершения действия (обстоятельства времени), могут стоять как в конце, так и в начале предложения.

Обст. врем.	Подле-жащее	Сказу-емое	Дополнение Косв./ прям./ предложное			Обстоятельство Образа дейст ./ места/ времени
8	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8
Yes-terday	he	read	his friend	this letter
	He	read		this letter	to him
	I	had		a nice trip				last week
	They	are talking				loudly
	Brian	was sitting					behind me

 1. Перегруппируйте слова и словосочетания так, чтобы получились предложения со смыслом:

1. Will attend / they / lectures. 2. At the airport / a guide / them / meets. 3. You are going to have / of the country / a tour. 4. A small town / to the north of London / is / it. 5. Tomorrow / him / will see / I. 6. In criminal law / a specialist / is / he. 7. To him / will give / this book / I. 8. She / a comfortable journey / had. 9. At the university / study / we. 10. They / sociologists / from Chicago / are. 11. Music / I / like / very much. 12. Quietly / spoke / the man.

PREPOSITIONS OF TIME

ПРЕДЛОГИ ВРЕМЕНИ

1. Точка во времени	at	at 10 o’clock
2. Часть суток	in	in the morning
3. С днями недели	on	on Monday
4. С годами	in	in 1999
5. За, в течение	for	for 2 hours
6. В течение, во время	during	during the winter
7. Между ... и	between ... and	between 5 and 9 o’clock
8. С и до	from ... to	from two to four o’clock
9. До (наступления)	before	before Friday
10. После	after	after five o’clock
11. C	from since	from nine o’clock since he came, since 1987
12. До	till/until	till Monday

 1. Вставьте соответствующий предлог.

1. They went to bed _____ eight o'clock in the evening. 2. I have tea ____ the morning. 3. He went out shopping ____ night. 4. I have been typing ___ three hours. 5. The TV show will end ___ nine o'clock. 6. Chris has the meal ___ six ___ eight o'clock. 7. May learns swimming ___ the summer. 8. The film runs ___ seven ___nine o'clock. 9. He will take an exam ___ Tuesday.