Выучите диалоги наизусть.

• You look angry.

• Yes, I am angry because I am tired.

• You should have a rest.

• You look tired.

• I am not tired. I’ve got a splitting headache.

• You should take an aspirin.

• Sure. I am going to take an aspirin.

• You look ill.

• I am ill. I’ve been sneezing and coughing all day long.

• You should drink some tea with lemon.

• I am going to do it… Will you make me some tea, please?

• You look hungry.

• I am really very hungry and I am going to eat out.

• Shall we go together?

• Most willingly!

 FOCUS ON GRAMMAR AND PRACTICE

DEGREES OF COMPARISON

СТЕПЕНИ СРАВНЕНИЯ

Прилагательные и наречия имеют 3 степени сравнения: положительную, сравнительную и превосходную. Перед прилагательными в превосходной степени, как правило, употребляется определенный артикль.

1. Односложные прилагательные (и наречия), а также двусложные, оканчивающиеся на -Y, образуют сравнительную степень при помощи суффикса -ER, а превосходную: -EST.

large	larger	(the) largest
busy	busier	(the) busiest

2. Прилагательные, имеющие два и более слога, образуют степени сравнения при помощи MORE и MOST, соответственно.

Dangerous

more dangerous

(the) most dangerous

3. Исключения:

good (well)	better	(the) best
bad (badly)	worse	(the) worst
many / much	more	(the) most
little	less	(the) least
old	older	(the) oldest (вообще)
	elder	(the) eldest (в семье)
far	farther	(the) farthest (по расстоянию)
	further	(the) furthest (по порядку следования)

Выучите это.

Good, better, best, Never rest.		Till "good" is "better" And "better" – "best".
QUANTITATIVE ADJECTIVES	КОЛИЧЕСТВЕННЫЕ ПРИЛАГАТЕЛЬНЫЕ

many	много	употребляются перед
a few	немного (несколько)	исчисляемыми
few	мало	существительными
much	много	употребляются перед
little	мало	неисчисляемыми
a little	немного	существительными

 Образуйте степени сравнения следующих прилагательных.

long	common	much	interesting	high
familiar	light	far	difficult	little
special	lucky	near	strange	simple
dry	necessary	exact	complete	clear
good	awful	old	bad	busy

 1. Замените слова в скобках соответствующими прилагательными.

1. The room has (много) windows in it. 2. There are (немного) students in our English class. 3. There was (немного) money in his pocket. 4. We have (много) to talk about. 5. There are (много) students in the cafeteria now. 6. I have (несколько) books on English history. 7. I have (мало) time to study. 8. (несколько) rooms have been reserved. 9. I have (маленький) interest in politics. 10. (Мало) people can speak a foreign language perfectly. 11. I have (немного) bread and cheese. 12. Would you like (немного) champagne?

THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

НАСТОЯЩЕЕ ПЕРФЕКТНОЕ ВРЕМЯ

HAVE(HAS) + P II (ED)

I have seen that movie many times.

I haven’t (have never) seen that movie.

Have you seen that movie?

Употребление

1. Действие имело место в прошлом, не указано, когда точно, и имеется в виду “к настоящему моменту” (часто с since, for, several times, before, so far, already, yet, ever, never, once, many times).

I have seen that movie twenty times.

I think I have met him once before.

Has there ever been a war in the United States?

Yes, there has been a war in the United States.

При указании точного времени в прошлом – переходим на Past Simple.

Have you ever been to Australia?

Yes, I have. I went there in 1992.

2. Это время также употребляется для обозначения действий, произошедших в период времени, который еще не закончился (today, this week, this year, this morning, this afternoon, etc.).

I have spoken to Brian this morning. (сейчас еще утро)

I spoke to Brian this morning. (сейчас уже не утро)

3. Это время употребляется с for и since, а также just (только что), но just now требует Past Indefinite.

I have just written the letter.

I wrote the letter just now.

I haven’t been to France since 1999.

I have lived in France for 5 years.

THE PAST PERFECT TENSE

ПРОШЕДШЕЕ ПЕРФЕКТНОЕ ВРЕМЯ

HAD + P II (ED)

I had studied a little English when I came to the U.S.

Had you ever visited the U.S. before your trip in 1992?

Yes, I had been to the U.S. once before in 1988.

They had never met an American until they met John.

Употребление

1. Для обозначения действия (или процесса), которое завершилось к другому действию или определённому моменту в прошлом (by six o'clock – к шести часам, by that time – к тому времени, by the end of the week – к концу недели).

I had written the letter by five o’clock.

 Обратите внимание на место наречия (had never seen).

I had never seen such a beautiful beach before I went there.

2. Вместо Past Perfect Continuous с глаголами, которые не употребляются в продолженных временах.

We had had that car for ten years before it broke down.

By the time Alex finished his studies, he had been in London for over eight years.

 С before и after при наличии указания конкретного времени вместо Past Perfect может употребляться Past Indefinite.

She had visited her French relatives once in 1993 before she moved in with them in 1996.

She visited her French relatives once in 1993 before she moved in with them in 1996.

 Однако, если указания конкретного времени нет, то Past Perfect обязательно.

She had never seen a bear before she moved to Alaska.

THE FUTURE PERFECT TENSE

БУДУЩЕЕ ПЕРФЕКТНОЕ ВРЕМЯ

WILL(SHALL) + HAVE + P II (ED)

They will have written their first exam by the time we get out of bed.

I will not have written the letter by five o’clock.

Will he have written the letter by five o’clock?

Употребление

1. Показывает, что будущее действие завершится к другому действию или определённому моменту в будущем.

By next July, I will have received my degree.

 Как и другие будущие времена, оно не употребляется в придаточных предложениях условия и времени.

I am going to see a movie when I have finished my homework.

 2. Показывает, что действие началось до определённого момента в будущем, будет длиться до этого момента (и в этот момент) – с глаголами, не употребляющимися в продолженных временах.

I’ll have been here for five years next July.

 1. Переведите предложения; объясните употребление временных форм. Поставьте все типы вопросов к первому предложению.

1. Joan has studied two foreign languages. 2. I think I have seen that movie before. 3. He has never travelled by train. 4 I have never been to France. 5. Have you ever met him? No, I have not met him. 6. The government has become more interested in school education. 7. My English has really improved since I moved to Australia. 8. James has not finished his homework yet. 9. Bill has still not arrived. 10. The rain hasn't stopped yet. 11. We have had many problems while working on this project.

 2. Поставьте глаголы в нужную временную форму.

1. I have just (arrive) home from work. 2. I (not telephone) her yet, but I will telephone her before midnight. 3. She (live) in France when she was young. 4. I never (visit) India, but I hope to go there soon. 5. They (not see) Martin this week. 6. John (work) hard all day. 7. I (live) in Paris all my life. 8. I (work) for this company for three years when I was in India. 9. The police (rescue) the hostages. 10. Prices (rise) recently due to inflation. 11. Henry (fail) his exam again.

 3. Переведите предложения; объясните употребление временных форм.

1. I had never seen such a beautiful beach before I went to Cuba. 2. We had had that car for ten years before it broke down. 3. By the time Alex finished his studies, he had been in London for over eight years. 4. She arrived at 5:00 p.m., but Mr. Biggs had closed the store.

 4. Сделайте предложения отрицательными. Поставьте все типы вопросов к одному из предложений..

1. He had searched the place by 5.30. 2. The man had spent a month in prison by that time. 3. He had finished reading for the exam when his friends arrived.

 5. Посмотрите на модель и сделайте так же.

We went to the movies on Saturday.

We hadn't gone to the movies for a long time.

1. We visited the Carters last week. 2. They had a party on Saturday. 3. The students wrote a test yesterday. 4. They played tennis in the afternoon. 5. Miss Black gave her students a difficult home assignment. 6. Edward drank black coffee in the afternoon.

 6. Переведите предложения; объясните употребление временной формы.

1. The policeman will have interviewed 6 witnesses before he leaves for lunch. 2. I will have learnt my English by the time I come back from the U.S. 3. By the time you get back from the store, we will have finished writing the report.

 7. Поставьте все типы вопросов к данным предложениям. Сделайте предложения отрицательными.

1. He will have searched the place by 5.30.

2. The man will have spent a month in prison by that time.

3. He will have finished reading for the exam when his friends arrive.

 READING

TEXT A

Выучите слова.

to adopt	принимать		judge	судья
amendment	поправка		ambassador	посол
to add	добавлять, дополнять		various	различный
to call	звать, называть		department	зд. министерство
to compose	составлять		secretary	зд. министр
branch	отрасль, ветвь		nomination	назначение
executive	исполнительный		to approve	одобрять
legislative	законодательный		to belong	принадлежать
judicial	судебный		to pass	проходить, принимать (решение, закон)
to carry out	выполнять, исполнять
amount	сумма, количество		influential	влиятельный
to appoint	назначать

Прочитайте текст и будьте готовы ответить на вопросы. Текст переведите.

1. What document is the form of the Government of the USA based on?

2. When was the Constitution adopted?

3. How many branches is the Government of the USA composed of?

4. What are they?

5. What branch of the Government does the President head?

6. Who does the legislative power in the USA belong to?

7. What are the Chambers of the Congress?

8. When does a bill become a law?

9. What role do lobbyists play in the American legislation?

THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT

The form of the Government of the USA is based on the Constitution adopted in 1787, to which ten amendments were added in 1791. These amendments are called "The Bill of Rights". By the Constitution, the Government of the USA is composed of three branches: the executive, the legislative, and the judicial.

The President heads the executive branch of the government. He is to carry out the programs of the Government, to recommend to Congress much of the legislation and the amount of money that should be given to carry out government functions. The President is to appoint Federal Judges, ambassadors to other countries, and heads of various government departments, called secretaries.

Secretaries form the Cabinet, but their nominations are to be approved by the Senate and the House of Representatives.

In order to become a law, all bills and resolutions must pass both the Houses and be signed by the President.

Besides the official representatives of Big Business who form the Congress of the USA, an important role in the American legislation is played by the so-called lobbyists, paid advocates representing the interests of the rich. They are often much more influential than the Congressmen.

TEXT B

Переведите текст письменно.