 Reading

TEXT A

Выучите слова.

to forbid	запрещать
substantive	материальный
adjective	процессуальный
breach	нарушение
to redress	исправлять, возмещать
to impose	возлагать, налагать
violation	нарушение
violence	насилие
treaty	договор
to draw up	составлять
to enact	вводить в действие

Прочитайте текст и будьте готовы ответить на вопросы. Текст переведите.

1. What is the law?

2. What do the rules of conduct command the citizens to do?

3. What is substantive / adjective law?

4. What is the chief purpose of the law and when does it come into existence?

5. What is written law based on?

6. What does unwritten law refer to nowadays?

THE LAW

The law is the body of rules of conduct prescribed by the supreme power of a state. These rules command the citizen to do what the state says is right and forbid him to do what the state says is wrong.

Law is divided into substantive law and adjective law. Substantive law tells the citizen the nature of his rights and duties and of any violation or breach of those rights and duties. Adjective law deals with the methods of legal procedure and points out how the citizen may enforce his rights, fulfill his duties, and redress wrong.

The chief purpose of the law is to regulate human conduct. The system of law only comes into existence when a centralized police authority appears to enforce the rules laid down by the governing body of the society.

Written law is based on constitutions, treaties and statutes or laws drawn up, ratified, or enacted by the state or federal governments. The Constitution of the United States takes precedence over all state constitutions and thus is the supreme law of the land. State constitutions, in fact, must conform to the federal constitution.

Historically, the unwritten law was formulated by priests, rulers, and prophets and handed down verbally from one generation to the next. In modern times, the unwritten law refers to precedents, or judicial decisions.

TEXT B

Прочитайте и переведите текст.

Nature and sources of the law

The law touches us daily as we conduct our personal, business, and governmental affairs. There are many definitions of the law. Sometimes it is defined as a dynamic process, a system of regularized, institutionalized procedures for the orderly resolution of social problems.

It consists of legal rules, emanating from the state, which are part of a certain legal system. The law is created by the courts (common law), the legislature, and by judicial interpretation of statutes. It can be classified by subject matter, e.g., contracts, agency, personal property, by source, as civil or criminal, and as public or private. Finding the "correct" legal answer to a problem depends upon the facts of the case, their interpretation by a judge and jury and the philosophies of those fact-finders. The law is not perfect but, if a decision is unfair, any damage caused can often be repaired by an appellate court.

UNIT 7

 CONVERSATION

• How's your brother these days?

• He hasn't been too well just recently.

• I'm sorry to hear that. What's the matter?

• I think he's been overworking.

• I hope he soon gets over it.

• Thank you. He'll be pleased to hear you asked about him.

• I haven't seen Bob lately. How is he?

• As a matter of fact, he's ill.

• Oh dear! What's up with him?

• We don't know, but we're having the doctor in tomorrow.

• Let me know if there's anything I can do.

• Thanks very much. I'll tell him you inquired after him.

 FOCUS ON GRAMMAR AND PRACTICE

IF AND WHEN CLAUSES

ПРИДАТОЧНЫЕ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ УСЛОВИЯ И ВРЕМЕНИ

If the weather is fine, we'll go to the country.

Если погода будет хорошая, мы поедем за город.

! Обратите внимание на то, что в русском языке в обеих частях предложения используется будущее время, а в английском языке после союза if для обозначения будущего времени (TheFuture Tense) используются формы настоящего времени (Present Tense Forms).

Формы настоящего времени используются для обозначения будущего и после следующих союзов:

when	когда
as soon as	как только
after	после того как
before	прежде чем
till, until	до; пока; до тех пор пока (не)

We'll go to the country when the weather is fine.

Мы поедем за город, когда будет хорошая погода.

We'll go to the country as soon as the weather is fine.

Мы поедем за город, как только будет хорошая погода.

We shall not go to the country until the weather is fine.

Мы не поедем за город до тех пор, пока погода не будет хорошей.

You'll like her after you see her.

Она тебе понравится, после того как ты её увидишь.

I shall wait here till she comes.

Я буду ждать здесь, пока она не придет.

We shall reach home before it begins raining.

Мы доберемся до дома, прежде чем начнется дождь.

 1. Дайте полные ответы на следующие вопросы, используя выражения, данные в скобках и приведенные в таблице.

Example: What will you do when you have spare time? (to go to the cinema)

When I have spare time, I’ll go to the cinema.

1) What will you do when the classes are over?	to go to the library
2) What will you do if you have much spare time?	to work at my English
3) What will you do if the weather is bad?	to stay at home

 2. Посмотрите на пример.

Example: I’ll come to see you. I’ll have spare time. (if)

I’ll come to see you if I have spare time.

1) He will visit you. He will return from England.	when
2) He will start studying Japanese. He will know Chinese well.	as soon as
3) I’ll tell you about it. You will come.	after
4) He will do anything. You will ask him.	before
5) John will never drink. He will be thirsty.	until
6) He will never go to bed. He will have a high temperature.	unless
7) He will wait here. She will come.	till
8) I shall contact you immediately. Something will happen.	if