Maintenance of international peace and security

Settlement of disputes

The primary function of the United Nations, as was the function of the League of Nations before it, is to maintain international peace and security. Chapter 6 of the Charter provides for the pacific settlement of disputes, through such means as negotiation, mediation, arbitration, and/or judicial decisions. When pacific settlement fails, the goal of collective security – whereby the security of each member is assured by all, and aggression against one would be met by the resistance of all – underlies the provisions in Chapter 7 for coercive measures, including economic and military sanctions, against an aggressor. In practice, however, collective security has been extremely difficult to achieve. During the Cold War, collective security was replaced by peacekeeping and preventive diplomacy. In the post-Cold War period, appeals to the United Nations for peacemaking purposes increased dramatically, renewing discussion about the feasibility of putting into practice the original UN provisions for collective security.

According to Chapter 6 of the Charter, whenever a dispute arises, the Security Council must first seek to bring about a pacific settlement. If the parties to a dispute that threatens peace fail to settle it by nonviolent means of their own choice, the Security Council must call upon them to settle it. The Council may investigate any dispute or situation to determine whether it is likely to endanger international peace and security. At any stage of the dispute, the Security Council may recommend appropriate procedures or methods of adjustment, and if the parties fail to settle the dispute by peaceful means, the Security Council may recommend terms of settlement.

UNIT 11

 CONVERSATION

• Hello. 276694.

• Hello. Can I speak to Jo, please?

• This is Jo speaking.

• Oh! Hi, Jo. This is Pat. I’m just ringing to check that Sunday is still OK for tennis.

• Yes, that’s fine.

• Great! See you on Sunday at ten. Bye!

• Hello. Cheesewood 455576.

• Hello. Is that Liz?

• No, it isn’t. I’ll just get her.

• Hello. Liz here.

• Hi, Liz. It’s Tom. Listen!

• I’m having a party on Saturday. Can you come?

• Oh, sorry, Tom. I can’t. I’m going to my cousin’s wedding.

• Never mind. Perhaps next time. Bye!

• Bye!

 FOCUS ON GRAMMAR AND PRACTICE

THE GERUND

ГЕРУНДИЙ

Герундий – это неличная форма глагола, имеющая свойства существитель­ного и глагола. В русском языке нет части речи, которая соответствовала бы английскому герундию.

Формы герундия

	INDEFINITE	PERFECT
ACTIVE	writing (V+ING)	having written (HAVING+P II)
PASSIVE	being written (BEING+P II)	having been written (HAVING BEEN + P II)

Употребление

 1. Геpундий в форме Indefinite Active и Passive употребляется для выражения действия, одновременного с действием, выраженным глаголом-сказуемым.

The victim of burglary was interested in collecting antique weapons.

Потеpпевший от кpажи со взломом интеpесовался коллекционированием стаpинного оpужия.

 2. Геpундий в фоpме Indefinite Active и Passive может выражать действия, относящиеся к прошлому или будущему, безотносительно к временной форме сказуемого. При переводе, в этом случае, необходимо обратить внимание на обстоятельство времени или контекст.

Не remembers arresting this man (two years ago).

Он помнит, что он арестовал этого человека (два года назад).

 3. После глаголов to need, to want (нуждаться, требоваться) и прилагательного worth (стоящий) употребляется активная, а не пассивная форма герундия.

The case needs investigating.

Дело требует расследования.

The gun wants cleaning.

Пистолет нужно почистить.

The matter is worth looking into.

Этим делом стоит заняться.

 4. Герундий в форме Perfect Active и Passive употребляется для обозначения действия, которое предшествовало действию, выраженному сказуемым.

He apologized for having asked so many questions.

Он извинился за то, что задал столь много вопросов.

 1. Переведите на русский язык.

1. Lawyers involved in preparing contracts were highly qualified. 2. Playing loud music is prohibited after 11 p.m. 3. The police were strongly opposed to taking such measures. 4. He thought of finding a solution to the problems. 5. The police officer realized that it was the only method of handling the situation under the circumstances.

 2. Употребите инфинитив или герундий.

1. I hate (sit) in this awful cell day after day. 2. I must admit that I regret (rob) that bank, but I regret (be) caught even more! 3. I tried so hard (become) a successful criminal because I’ve never really wanted (work). 4. My mother meant (bring me up) properly, but she failed. 5. I remember (lie) and (steal) when I was a teenager and I stopped (go) to school when I was 14. 6. I’ll never forget the police (arrest) me for the first time. 7. I still went on (break) the law when I got out of prison.