MAKE_THE_GRADE_kafedra

irreversible. Man, no (6) … how powerful he considers himself, does not have the power to re-establish the species he is so willfully destroying.

The destruction (7) … the rainforests is a pressing problem of our times (8) … not one that is regarded seriously by everyone. The (9) … affluent nations regard the issue as (10) … of preservation; deforestation must stop. When it comes to the poorer countries, the issue is not so cut and dried. (11) … these people, the rainforests represent a source of economic prosperity, a point that obviously takes precedence (12) … ecological concerns. A solution must be found (13) … the damage caused by the deforestation that is destroying the rainforests becomes irrevocable. Deforestation is carried out by (14) … involved in the timber industry and also by migrant farmers. The latter occupy an area of land, strip it, farm it (15) … its natural mineral supply is used up and then move on. The land is left useless and exposed and a process of erosion (16) … into effect, washing soil into rivers thereby killing fish and blocking the water‘s natural course.

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Ex. 3. Fill in the blanks with the where required.

A. 1. Books are … heavy things. 2. … books I bought were all second-hand. 3. I really dislike … cars. 4. … cars were waiting at the lights. 5. … dogs are animals. 6. … dogs are in the garden. 7. … gold is an important metal. 8. … gold in the ring is of high quality. 9. … honesty is always … best policy. 10. … honesty of Mr. Brown is above question. 11. … rice we eat is … brown rice. 12. … butter is made from … milk. 13. Where is … butter?

B. 1. In … theatres of Shakespeare‘s time …actors were often treated like servants. 2. A doctor‘s first duty is to preserve …life. 3. I‘ve just been reading … life of Mozart. 4. In 1492 … Christopher Columbus sailed from … Spain for … Far East and landed in … San Salvador. 5. … rivers of … eastern part of … United States flow towards … Atlantic Ocean. 6. … climate of … southern Italy is very warm. 7. My son is studying in … Florida University. 8. … Hague is a city in … Netherlands. 9. … water in

…lake Baikal is very clear. 10. … English of … Shakespeare is often difficult to understand. 11. … Robinson whom I know lives next door to

…Browns. 12. … largest river in … Germany is … Rhein. 13. … lake Erie is one of … Great Lakes in … North America. 14. Rita plays …

violin and her sister plays … guitar. 15. … Declaration of Independence was drawn up in 1776.

Ex. 4. Fill in the blanks with a / an, the where required.

A. 1. We have … big dog. … dog is very clever. 2. Yesterday I received … letter from my … friend. … letter was interesting. 3. This is … very difficult question. I don‘t know … answer to it. 4. There is … very big piano in …hall. 5. This is … good book. Take … book from …table. 6. I can see … nice … coffee-table in … middle of … room to … right of … door. 7. There is … beautiful picture in … my father‘s study.

…picture is on … wall to … left of … window. 8. … people usually have

…breakfast in … morning. 9. Yesterday father told us … very interesti ng story at … breakfast. 10. Every day my husband goes to …work, my son

goes to … school and I go to … institute.

B. 1. … Florida State University is smaller than … University of Florida. 2. Ken‘s brother is in … prison for robbery. Ken went to … prison to visit him. 3. Tom left … university without doing his exams. 4. How many people go to … university in your country? 5. John‘s mother is a regular churchgoer. She goes to … church every Sunday. 6. We stopped

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to visit … church. It was a beautiful building. 7. Two people were injured in the accident and were taken to … hospital. 8. When Ann was ill we all went to … hospital to visit her. 9. The British Prime Minister lives in … Downing Street. 10. We flew from London to … Orly Airport in Paris. 11. Which hotel are you staying at? – At … Hilton Hotel. 12. If you want to buy some new clothes, the shop I would recommend is … Harrison‘s. 13. Mr. Jenkins reads …Daily Telegraph but his wife reads … Times. 14. …

Tate Gallery is the main modern art museum in London. 15. One of the nicest parks in London is … St. James‘s Park which is very near …

Buckingham Palace.

Ex. 5. Fill in the blanks with a / an, the, some, any or 0.

A.

A.Where are you going?

B.I‘m going to … post office. I need to buy … stamps.

A.I‘ll go with you. I want to mail … package to my parents.

B.What‘s in … package?

A…. shirts for my father, … coat for my sister, and … money for my mother.

B. You should never send … money by mail.

A.I know. My mother never received … money that I sent in my last letter. But what can I do? I don‘t have … checking account.

B.You can buy … money order at … bank.

A.How much does it cost?

B.Well, if you have … account in … bank, it‘s usually free. If not, you‘ll

probably have to pay 50$ or more.

A.What about … currency exchange on Wright Street? Do they sell. … money orders?

B.Yes.

A. Why don‘t we go there? We can save … time. It‘s on … same street as … post office.

B.

Conversation 1: between two students at the same school.

A.Is there … cafeteria at this school?

B.Yes, there is. It‘s on … first floor of this building.

A.I want to buy … cup of coffee.

B.You don‘t have to go to … cafeteria. There‘s … coffee machine on this floor.

A. I only have a one-dollar bill. Do you have … change?

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B. There‘s … dollar-bill changer next to … coffee machine.

Conversation2: between two students (A and B) in the same class and, later, the teacher(T).

A.Where‘s … teacher? It‘s already 7:00.

B.Maybe she‘s absent today.

A.I‘ll go to … English office and ask if anyone knows where she is.

B.That‘s … good idea.

A few minutes later…

A.I talked to … secretary in … English office. She said that … teacher just called. She‘s going to be about 15 minutes late. She had … problem with her car.

Ten minutes later…

A.Here‘s … teacher.

T.I‘m sorry. I‘m late.

A.Did you fix … problem with your car?

T.I didn‘t have time. I left … car at home and took … taxi to school.

Ex. 6. Correct the following sentences where required. Model: Everest was first climbed in 1953. – Right.

Milan is in north of Italy. – Wrong (the north).

1. Last year we visited Canada and United States. 2. South of England is warmer than north. 3. We went to Crimea and swam in Black Sea. 4. Jack has visited many places in USA. 5. A friend of mine used to work as a reporter in Middle East. 6. Next year we are going skiing in Swiss Alps. 7. Dnieper is longest river in Ukraine. 8. United Kingdom consists of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.

Ex. 7. Translate into English.

1. Єдина телевізійна програма, яку він дивиться, – новини. 2. Ми слухаємо радіо ввечері. 3. Це був гарний фільм? – Це був найкращий фільм, який я бачив. 4. Після обіду ми пішли на прогулянку до моря. 5. Говерла – найвища вершина Карпатських гір. 6. Друга світова війна закінчилася у 1945 році. 7. Чотири п‘ятих населення Об‘єднаного Королівства становлять англійці. Інші народи, які проживають у Британії, валлійці, ірландці, шотландці. 8. Темза і Северн – головні ріки Британії. 9. Де знаходиться Болівія? – У Південній Америці. 10. Ви коли-небудь бували в Об‘єднаному Королівстві Великої Британії та Північної Ірландії? 11. Сполучені Штати Америки знаходяться між Мексикою та Канадою. 12. Ніл –

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найдовша ріка Єгипту. 13. Маніла – столиця Філіппін. 14. Скелясті гори – це хребет на заході Північної Америки. 15. Північне море знаходиться між Британією та Норвегією. 16. Панамський канал з‘єднує Атлантичний та Тихий океани.

Ex. 8. Use is or are with the nouns.

A. News, physics, trunks, spectacles, phonetics, scissors, billiards, scales, gymnastics, troops, optics, mathematics, shorts, pyjamas, cards, drafts, arms, series, mumps, ethics, means.

B. 1. Politics … an interesting subject to study. 2. Darts … a game played in British pubs. 3. Their wages … too low. 4. Your trousers … a bit long. 5. His clothes … terribly old. 6. Athletics … becoming more and more popular these days. 7. Measles … a common illness. 8. My thanks … due to all of you for your kindness. 9. My glasses ... dirty; I can‘t see properly. 10. Mary‘s binoculars … very powerful. 11. The Middle Ages … time of feudal rivalries. 12. The acoustics of this hall … excellent. 13. Two hours … hardly enough time to see all the sights. 14. Ten dollars … a fair price. 15. Five tons … too big a load for the truck. 16. The public … asked to help. A reward of $100 … offered; a hundred pounds … a lot of money. 17. That pair of pants … dirty. 18. ―The New York Times‖ … a good newspaper. 19. The class … working on their individual projects today. 20. Those deer … old. 21. When a young deer … motionless, its colouring will hide it well. 22. The family … fighting among themselves constantly. 23. The fish in the aquarium … waiting for their daily feeding. 24. There bacteria … being studied by university scientists. 25. The Portuguese … fortunate to have such a beautiful coastline. 26. English … heard all over the world.

Ex. 9. Complete the sentences with the given nouns. Add final s / es if necessary. Use each noun only one time.

Advice, change, city, garbage, hardware, homework, information, junk, luggage/bag-gage, music, progress, river, screwdriver, stuff, thunder, traffic, travelling, trip.

1. I have some coins in my pocket. In other words, I have some … in my pocket. 2. The Mississippi, the Amazon, and the Nile are wellknown … in the world. 3. I like to listen to operas, symphonies, and folk songs. I enjoy …. 4. Since I came to the United States, I have visited

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Chicago, New York, and Miami. I want to visit other … before I return to my country. 5. The street is full of cars, trucks, and buses. This street always has heavy … , especially during rush hour. 6. In the last couple of years, I‘ve gone to France, India, and Canada. I like to take … . In other words, … is one of my favourite activities. 7. I put some banana peels, rotten food, and broken bottles in the waste can. The can is full of … . 8.

They have a rusty car without an engine, broken chairs, and an old refrigerator in their front yard. Their yard is full of … 9. Paul has books, pens, papers, notebooks, a clock, scissors, a tape recorder, and some other things on his desk. He has a lot of … on his desk. 10. The children got scared when they heard … during the storm. 11. Tools that are used to fasten screws into wood are called … . 12. I went to the store to get some nails, hammers, and screws. In other words, I bought some … . 13.

Tonight I have to read 20 pages in my history book, do 30 problems in algebra, and write a composition for my English teacher. In other words, I have a lot of … to do tonight. 14. Ann took three suitcases, a shoulder bag, and a cosmetics case. In other words, she took a lot of … in her trip.

15. Toronto is 356 ft./109 m above sea level. The population of the metropolitan area is over 3,000,000. I found (this, these) … in the encyclopaedia. 16. I didn‘t feel good. Ann said, ―You should see a doctor‖. Tom said, ―You should go home and go to bed‖. Martha said, ―You should drink fruit juice and rest‖. I got … from three people. 17.

My English is slowly getting better. My vocabulary is increasing. It ‘s getting easier for me to write and I make fewer mistakes. I can often understand people even when they talk fast. I‘m satisfied with the … , I have made in learning English.

Ex. 10. Find the mistakes and correct them.

A. 1. She has two children. 2. One of her daughter is a doctor. 3. Eleven millions peoples died in the war. 4. The news are on TV at 6 o‘clock. 5. His pants is very expensive. 6. Every students wants to pass this course. 7. Math is one of my favourite subject at school. 8. Five man left early. 9. The news aren‘t as bad as we expected. 10. Can I borrow your scissors? Mine isn‘t sharp enough. 11. The trousers you bought for me is not my size. 12. A word of thanks are enough.

B. 1. Mary always has fresh egg because she raises chicken in he r yard. 2. Outside my window, I can see a lot of tree, bush, grass, dirt, and flower. 3. Tom gave me some good advice. Milly also gave me some

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good suggestion. 4. Yoko learned several new word today. 5. I drank two glass of water. 6. Window are made of glass. 7. Jack wears glass because he has poor eyesight. 8. It took me a lot of time to finish my homework. I had a lot of assignment. 9. I have been to Mexico three time. I‘ve spent a lot of time there. 10. There are typewriter, copier, telephone, and staple in typical business office. A business office needs a lot of equipment. 11. The air is full of smoke, dust, carbon monoxide, and many other harmful substance. We must seek to reduce air pollution. 12. I like to read good literature. I especially like to read novel, poetry, and essay. My favourite poet are Longfellow and Wordsworth. I have always liked their poem. 13. You can find a lot of time – saving machine in a modern factory. Modern factory need modern machinery. 14. There are more star in the universe than there are grain of sand on the beaches on earth.

Ex. 11. Join the words according to the given model. Model: The door / the room. The door of the room

The mother / Ann. Ann‘s mother

A. 1. The camera / Tom. 2. The eyes / the cat. 3. The top / the page. 4. The toys/ the children. 5. The company / success. 6. Byron / poems. 7. The books / his grandchildren. 8. The parents / John. 9. The toys / the twins. 10. The profession / these men. 11. Books / students. 12. Secretary / Doctor Black.

B.1.The daughter / Charles. 2. The father / James. 3. The surname

/Helen and Peter. 4. The music / Glinka and Chaikovsky. 5. The name /

her sister-in-law. 6. The birthday / his stepfather. 7. The newspaper / today. 8. The meeting / last Saturday. 9. The rain / last night. 10. The show / next evening. 11. The journey / a day. 12. An interval / two weeks. 13. The largest city / Italy. 14. System of Government / Britain. 15. The treasure / the world.

Ex. 12. Paraphrase the following sentences using the noun in the possessive case or the of – phrase. If two forms are possible, give them both.

1. John has a brother. 2. Thomas has a sister. 3. Sophocles wrote plays. 4. Keats wrote poetry. 5. The cow gives milk. 6. The captain made an error. 7. The ship has a siren. 8. The siren made a noise. 9. Some thing has a name. 10. The school has a history. 11. The world has problems.12. Europe has art treasure. 13. The holiday lasted a week. 14. The work took

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a year. 15. My brother-in-law has a house. 16. The book has pages. 17. The newspaper was published this evening. 18. The man over there has a strange name.

Ex. 13. Paraphrase the phrases below as in the model. Model: John‘s book – John has a book.

His father‘s consent – His father gave his consent.

1.John‘s beard. 2. John‘s story. 3. John‘s present. 4. John‘s mistake.

5.John‘s punishment. 6. John‘s supper. 7. His father‘s interest. 8. His

father‘s conclusion. 9. His father‘s influence. 10. A picture of my mother‘s. 11. A debtor‘s prison. 12. A two weeks‘ interval.

Ex 14. Complete the sentence with the possessive form of the noun given in brackets as in the model.

Model: The (boy) hat is red. – The boy‘s hat is red.

1. (Mrs. Smith) husband often gives her flowers. 2. The (boy) hat is red. 3. The (children) toys are all over the floor. 4. I fixed (the child) bicycle. 5. (The baby) toys are in her crib. 6. (The babies) toys are in their cribs. 7. Tom and Bob are married. (Their wives) names are Cindy and Jane. 8. That is my (wife) coat. 9. (Sally) last name is White. 10. (Phyllis) last name is Young. 11. That‘s my (boss) office. 12. These are my

(bosses) offices. 13. This is a (woman) purse. 14. The store sells (women) clothes. 15. Do you know my (sister) husband? 16. Do you know my (sisters) husbands? 17. Did you read (yesterday) newspaper? 18. There are many problems in (today) world. 19. It would cost me (a month) salary to buy a new refrigerator.

Ex. 15. Complete the sentences with the appropriate form out of those given in brackets.

1. I stepped on (the tail of the cat, the cat‘s tail). 2. (The job of Caroline, Caroline‘s job) is difficult. 3. The (leaves of the trees, trees‘ leaves) are turning golden. 4. Have you seen (the newspapers of this morning, this morning‘s newspapers)? 5. Look! The cat is eating (the food of the dog, the dog‘s food). 6. Be careful, (the back of the car, the car‘s back) is very near a hole in the road. 7. Our maths teacher is (the husband of our French teacher, our French teacher‘s husband). 8. John and his children are having (a holiday of three weeks, three weeks‘

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holiday) in France. 9. (The house‘s front door, the front door of the house) is green. 10. (The sun‘s rays, the rays of the sun) are very strong at the Equator.

Ex. 16. Translate into English.

A. 1.Ім‘я чоловіка, якого я бачив вчора. 2. Новий менеджер компанії. 3.Рішення уряду. 4. Новий театр міста. 5. Назва книги. 6. Економічна політика країни. 7. Другий поверх будинку. 8. Садок наших сусідів. 9. Результат футбольного змагання. 10. Парламент Великої Британії. 11. Поезія Шекспіра.

В. Кімната мого друга, кімнати моїх друзів, учитель Бесс, книга Джеймса, сини нашого викладача, листи ваших економістів, подруга Мері, сукні моїх сестер, весілля Джека і Джил, будинок містера та місіс Картер, машина Браунів, вчорашня газета, вечірні новини, населення Землі, назва вулиці, тижнева відпустка, початок оповідання, капелюх полісмена, хвіст коня, п‘ятихвилинна прогулянка, діти Дона та Лінди, сьогоднішній волейбольний матч, туризм нашого регіону, директор школи, міський кінотеатр, батьки Майка.

7.1.2. The Pronoun

Ex. 17. Replace the nouns underlined by personal pronouns as in the model.

Model: Sit with John. — Sit with him.

1. Close the door. 2. Open the window. 3. Talk to Mr. Brown. 4. Listen to Ann and me. 5. Repeat the question. 6. Sit with Alice. 7. Dance with Peter. 8. Look at those girls. 9. Listen to Mary. 10. His wife is in Moscow now. 11. Jane, buy a magazine for Granny. 12. Alec and Mary are engineers by profession.

1.John, give the book to Henry. 2. Tell the answer to the students.

3.My sister and I have got a room of our own. 4. Kate, read this story to

Mary and me. 5. Peter, bring flowers for your mother. 6. Send the letter to your parents. 7. Can you and Mary get supper for you, Mary and me? 8. Can you, Mary and I get supper for you, Mary and me?

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