Vocabulary to the text:

paper clip	скріпка для паперів, канцелярська скріпка
odds	шанси
epipen	автоматичний інжектор адреналіну
flood	повінь
hurricane ['hʌrɪkən]	ураган
landslide	зсув, обвал
avalanche ['ævəlɑnʃ]	сніговий обвал, лавина
lahar ['lɑhɑ]	a destructive mudflow on the slopes of a volcano
blizzard ['blɪzəd]	завірюха, хуртовина, віхола
drought [draut]	засуха, посуха
hailstorm	злива; гроза з градом; сильний град
heat wave	1) теплова хвиля 2) період сильної жари (спеки)
famine	голод

1. Questions to the text:

1. Define emergency.

2. What can you do to minimize the risk of a worst-case scenario?

3. List emergency situations.

4. Describe escape techniques.

2. What natural disasters are Ukraine and Zaporozhye prone to? Which ones have you heard of?

3. Compose and write a plan of the text.

4. Write short notes about the key issues raised in the text.

5. Retell the text using new vocabulary.

6. Choose one natural disaster and prepare a report on its statistics and emergency management techniques.

Topic 9. Embarking on an adventure.

It's a dangerous business, Frodo, going out your door. You step onto the road, and if you don't keep your feet, there's no knowing where you might be swept off to.”

--J.R.R. Tolkien

An adventure is an activity that is perceived to involve risk, danger or exciting experiences. The term is often used to refer to activities with some potential for physical danger, such asskydiving,mountain climbing,breaking and entering, committingmisdemeanors, and participating inextreme sports. The term also broadly refers to any enterprise that is potentially fraught with physical, financial or psychological risk, such as a business venture, a love affair, or other major life undertakings.

Adventurous experiences create psychological and physiological arousal. For some people, adventure becomes a major pursuit in and of itself. According to adventurerAndré Malraux, in his La Condition Humaine (1933), "If a man is not ready to risk his life, where is his dignity?" Similarly,Helen Kellerstated that "Life is either a daring adventure or nothing."

Outdoor adventurous activities are typically undertaken for the purposes of recreationorexcitement: examples areadventure racingandadventure tourism. Adventurous activities can also lead to gains in knowledge, such as those undertaken by explorers and pioneers.

Adventurer is a person who bases his lifestyle or their fortunes on adventurous acts. An adventurer or adventuress is a term that usually takes one of three meanings:

• One whose travels are unusual and often exotic, though not so unique as to qualify as exploration.

• One who lives by their wits.

• One who takes part in a risky or speculative course of action for profit or position.

Why do we take risks and pursue adventure?  Wouldn't it be easier and better to play safe and stay at home?

The psychology of adventure may hold within it some secrets to understanding, unlocking, and fulfilling human's potential to experience more than the everyday.

Deep down, we all thrive on a sense of adventure, and experience it in one form or another. Some may seem more adventurous than others, but there are common underlying processes.  Adventurers often follow steps such as initial failings or trauma, strivings, an opportunity or problem, the role of a mentor and training, a climax in which a person is pitted against a significant challenge, and ultimately a triumph and resolution/transition.  More than we might realize, such processes structure our behavior and choices.  Since it works so well, movie-scripts are often structured around similar basic story formulae.

Adventure, in a psychological sense, is closely related to challenge, stress, coping, difficulty, fear, narrative, resilience, etc. Experiences of an adventurous kind often have positive impacts on the way in which people see and understand themselves. Among other things, our craving for adventure is explained by a psycho-evolutionary theory: Until recently, human beings lived predominantly outdoors and in close contact with nature. Thus, for a long time daily human life has involved a myriad of adventurous exploits in the outdoors.  Thus, a penchant for adventure may be hard-wired into the human psyche and culture.

Adventure is a dangerous activity because by definition it implies the discovery of something new and unexpected, maybe dangerous or even life-threatening. People are taken out of their comfort zone and often subjected to extreme environments, hostile elements and stressful situations. So, panic and conflicts are common things to encounter on a trip. Especially, when the trip is long and troublesome, like that of an Everest climb.

Here are some variables that may influence an adventure traveler:

• Emotional ability to handle risk, or risk tolerance.

• Financial cost of adventure travel.

• Danger.

• Loneliness.

• Physical strength needed.

• Time is needed to plan.

• There is time away from normal creature comforts, toilets, showers, and cooked food.

• Specialized travel gear may be needed.

In the long run, the success of your adventure depends on subjective factors (strength, stamina, resilience to stress, endurance, fatigue resistance, age, experience) and objective factors (climate, weather, gear, accidents).