Vocabulary to the text

parlance ['pɑlən(t)s]	мова, манера говорити (висловлюватися)
stressor	стрес-фактор, стресор, фактор стресу
deplete	виснажувати, спорожнювати, вичерпувати
decompensation	декомпенсація (недостатність або зрив механізмів відновлення функціональних порушень в організмі)
ulcer ['ʌlsə]	виразка
conspecific	конспецифічний; такий, що належить до того самого виду
obsessive-compulsive	1) хворий, що страждає на нав'язливий невроз 2) такий, що відноситься до нав'язливого неврозу
propensity[prə'pen(t)səti]	нахил, схильність (до чогось - to) ; пристрасть (до чогось - for)
autogenic training	1) аутотренинг, аутогенне тренування 2) навчання самоконтролю за фізіологічним станом організму
nootropics	ліки, що покращують функцію головного мозку
spa	1) курорт з мінеральними водами 2) мінеральне джерело

1. Questions to the text:

1. Give the definition of stress.

2. What is the physiological reaction of organism towards stress? List three stages of body’s reaction to stress.

3. Identify the most common stressors.

4. Describe stress management techniques.

5. What is the reason and idea of downshifting?

2. Write short notes about the key issues raised in the text.

3. Compose and write a plan of the text.

4. Retell the text using new vocabulary.

Additional vocabulary

pre-stress (adj)	достресовий
workplace stress	стрес на роботі
chronic stress	хронічний стрес
burnout	знемога; знесилля, знесилення (физическе або моральне)
burnt-out = stressed-out	такий, що відчуває знемогу, знесилля (про людину)
alarmed	стривожений; стурбований, занепокоєний
exhaustion [ɪg'zɔsʧ(ə)n]=weariness=breakdown	знемога; знесилля, знесилення
nervous exhaustion	нервове знесилля
total exhaustion	загальне знесилля, загальне нездужання
state of exhaustion	стан знесилля
nervous breakdown	нервовий розлад
irritability [ɪrɪtə'bɪlətɪ] =shortness of temper	1) дратівливість, дражливість, дразливість 2) подразнювальність
irritable ['ɪrɪtəbl]	нестриманий, дратівливий
antsy ['æntsɪ] (CQ)	неспокійний, схвильований
elevated blood pressure	підвищений кров'яний тиск
agitation I [æʤɪ'teɪʃ(ə)n] = disturbance	збудження; хвилювання, тривога
agitated	збуджений; схвильований
anxiety/anxious [æŋ(g)'zaɪətɪ] ['æŋ(k)ʃəs]	тривога, неспокій, турбота
headache ['hedeɪk]	головний біль
nail-biting (adj)	збуджений, дратівливий
resistance	1) опір, протидія 2) опірність (організму)
resistant to sth	що чинить опір, стійкий, міцний
eustress [yo͞o'stres]	позитивний стрес, евстрес
depression / depressed	депресія/ такий, що знаходиться в стані депресії
breakup	припинення відносин (с чоловіком, жінкою)
unemployment / unemployed	безробіття, безробітний
obsessive thought	нав'язлива думка
obsessive concern	невідступна тривога
obsessive jealousy	маніакальні ревнощі
heavy drinking = alcohol abuse	алкоголізм
to cope with stress	справлятися зі стресом
stress management	управління стресом
to take drugs	приймати ліки
autogenic [ɔtə(ʊ)'dʒɛnɪk] training	1) аутотрениіг, аутогенная тренировка 2) обучение самоконтролю за физиологическим состоянием организма
work-life balance	баланс роботи і особистого життя
psychological resilience	психологічна стійкість
talking therapy	терапія спілкуванням
shrink (CQ) = psychiatrist	психіатр
to de-stress	знімати стрес
destressing	різноманітні засоби зняття стресу, особливо на роботі
stress tolerance	стійкість до стресу
to downshift	залишати "стресову роботу" для того, щоб жити більш спокійним життям
stress puppy	"дитя стресу” – людина, що звикла до бурхливої, енергійної діяльності або така, що постійно скаржиться на стрес

1. Additional questions and discussion:

1. What are the most common stressors for young people?

2. How do you cope with stress?

3. In your opinion - is stress tolerance genetical or acquired?

4. Can you imagine yourself a downshifter?

6. Write a report (15 sentences) on one of the stress management techniques.

7. Write a dialogue related to stress (this can be a doctor-patient talk, or a friendly conversation).

Topic 5. Socialization and friendship.

To be social is to be forgiving.

--Robert Frost

Socialization is a term used to refer to the process of inheriting norms,customsandideologies. It may provide the individual with the skills and habits necessary for participating within their own society; a society itself is formed through a plurality of shared norms, customs, values, traditions, social roles, symbols and languages.

Socialization is the primary means by which human infants begin to acquire the skills necessary to perform as a functioning member of their society, and is the most influential learning processes one can experience. Although cultural variability is manifest in the actions, customs, and behaviors of whole social groups (societies), the most fundamental expression of culture is found at the individual level. This expression can only occur after an individual has been socialized by its parents, family, extended family and extended social networks. This reflexive process of both learning and teaching is the how cultural and social characteristics attain continuity.

To "socialize" may also mean simply to associate or mingle with people socially. In American English, "socialized" has mistakenly come to refer, usually in apejorativesense, to the ownership structure ofsocialismor to the expansion of thewelfare state.

Primary socialization

Primary socialization occurs when a childlearns the attitudes, values, and actions appropriate to individuals as members of a particular culture. For example if a child saw his/her mother expressing adiscriminatoryopinion about a minority group, then that child may think this behavior is acceptable and could continue to have this opinion about minority groups.

Secondary socialization

Secondary socialization refers to the process of learning what is appropriate behavior as a member of a smaller group within the larger society. It is usually associated with teenagers and adults, and involves smaller changes than those occurring in primary socialization (entering a new profession, relocating to a new environment or society).

Anticipatory socialization refers to the processes of socialization in which a person "rehearses" for future positions, occupations, and social relationships.

Resocialization refers to the process of discarding former behavior patterns and accepting new ones as part of a transition in one's life. This occurs throughout the human life cycle. Resocialization can be an intense experience, with the individual experiencing a sharp break with their past, and needing to learn and be exposed to radically different norms and values. An example might be the experience of a young man or woman leaving home to join the military, or a religious convert internalizing the beliefs and rituals of a new faith.

Organizational socialization is the process whereby an employee learning the knowledge and skills necessary to assume his or her organizational role. As newcomers become socialized, they learn about the organization and its history, values, jargon, culture, and procedures. They also learn about their work group, the specific people they work with on a daily basis, their own role in the organization, the skills needed to do their job, and both formal procedures and informal norms. Socialization functions as a control system in that newcomers learn to internalize and obey organizational values and practices.

Forming friendships is a crucial part of socialization process. Valuethat is found in friendships is often the result of the following:

• The tendency to desire what is best for the other

• Sympathyandempathy

• Honesty, perhaps in situations where it may be difficult for others to speak thetruth, especially in terms of pointing out the perceived faults of one's counterpart

• Mutual understandingandcompassion

• Trustin one another (able to express feelings - including in relation to the other's actions - without the fear of being judged); able to go to each other for emotional support

• Positive reciprocity- a relationship is based on equal give and take between the two parties.

In the sequence of the emotional development of the individual, friendships come after parental bonding and before the pair bondingengaged in at the approach of maturity. In the intervening period between the end of early childhood and the onset of full adulthood, friendships are often the most important relationships in the emotional life of theadolescent, and are often more intense than relationships later in life. However making friends seems to trouble lots of people; having no friends can be emotionally damaging in some cases.

A study by researchers from Purdue Universityfound that post-secondary-education friendships (college, university) last longer than the friendships before it.

Friendship as a type of interpersonal relationshipis found also among animals of higher intelligence, such as the higher mammals and some birds. Cross-species friendships are common between humans and domestic animals. Less common but noteworthy are friendships between an animal and another animal of a different species, such as a dog and cat.