Vocabulary

oil field - месторождение нефти; in the area - в районе;

to be exposed - быть обнаруженым; extraction - добыча;

to put to exploitation - запустить в эксплуатацию

ЗАДАНИЯ К ТЕКСТУ:

1. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

2. Ответьте на вопросы:

1. How many oil fields are there in the world? 2. Where are oil fields exposed? 3. Where are oil fields in Russia? 4. Where are oil fields in the USA? 5. Are there any oil fields in Canada? 6. What countries of the West Europe have oil fields?

Prospector

The aim of the oil prospector is to find out oil districts, estimate them in the geological and economical way and prepare these oil fields for exploitation.

Oil prospector is done with help of geological, geo-physical, geo-chemical and drilling works in a consecutive order.

In Russia oil prospector is divided into two stages. The first stage is searching. The second one is prospecting.

The first stage includes district geological and geophysical works, preparation of the oil areas for a deep searching drilling and oil field search. District works consist in making geological survey, air- magnetic and gravimeter ones, geo-chemical water test, seismic prospector, drilling the bearing and parametric wells.

The aim of the second stage is a preparation of the oil fields for working. The stage consists in determining an oil composition, capacity, oil and gas saturation, physical and chemical properties and a bore -efficiency.

After prospecting industry oil reserves are calculated and then a conclusion about putting the oil fields into exploitation is made.

The aim of the works is to give a quantitative estimation of the oil fields and to determine the first turn districts to go on searching. The main estimation of the prospector is a cost of one ton of the prospected oil.

Vocabulary

prospector - разведка

exploitation - разработка

working - разработка

reserves - запасы

saturation - насыщение

well - буровая скважина

survey - съемка

bearing - опорный

composition - состав

ЗАДАНИЯ К ТЕКСТУ:

1. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

2. Ответьте на вопросы:

1. What is an aim of the oil prospector? 2. How is the oil prospector done with? 3. How many stages are there in the oil prospector? 4. What works does the first stage include? 5. What do district works consist in? 6. What is an aim of the second stage? 7. What does the second stage consist in? 8. What must be done after prospecting?

OIL OUTPUT

Old ways of the oil output

Development of the oil industry knows 4 ways of extracting oil. Oil industry is too old to remember itself. It ‘s been existing since ancient times.

1. The first known way of extracting oil was that of getting oil from a water surface. This way was used in ancient time in Sicily.

In Russia such an oil extraction was done by Priadunov in 1745. In 1858 on p. Cheleken oil was collected out of water trenches. Water from the lake went away into the trenches. The trenches had a wood block-up that let the water flow only onto the bottom of the trenches and oil appeared on the surface.

2. The second way consisted in developing lime-stone or sand-stone and in extracting oil out of them. This way was described by F. Ariosto in 15 century. In Italy such grounds were put to pieces and warmed in the boilers. Then oil was put into sacks and pressed out.

In France in 1819 oiled lime-stone or sand-stone was developed in the mine way with help of adits. The adit was about 1km long. The output was put into a tan-vat filled with hot water. After stirring on the surface there appeared oil that was collected with a bucket.

In 1833-45 on the shore of the Azov sea sand containing oil was extracted. This sand was put into pits with an inclined bottom and watered. Oil watered out of the sand was collected with a bunch of grass from the water surface.

3. The third way was extracting oil out of the draw-well. The depth of the draw-wells was 27 m, walls of them were stoned or strengthened with wood . In 1825 in Baku 4126 tons of oil were extracted out of 120 draw-wells.

The fourth way is a modern way of extraction. Almost all the oil in the world is extracted with help of wells fixed with steel high-pressured pipes. To lift oil, gas and water onto the earth surface the wells have hermetic systems of lifting pipes, mechanisms and blocked fittings. Welled extraction has been widely used since 1860.

Oil extraction may be divided into 3 stages. The first stage is lifting oil through a bed up to faces of the well. This stage is called a working of the oil fields.

The second stage is lifting oil from the well faces up to their mouth on the surface. This is called an exploitation of the oil wells.

The third stage consists of collecting oil, an adjoining gas and water from the surface, separating them and removing water out of the oil, processing a bed water (before pumping it into the bed or for throwing it away into the industry sewerage), pumping water into the bed through the water injection wells and collecting adjoining gas.

Accomplishing process of oil output by means of wells and technological equipment is called an exploitation of the oil mines.