2. Переведите в письменной форме абзацы 1, 4.

3. Найдите герундий и переведите предложения на русский язык:

1. We did not know of their going to Great Britain.

2. My friend was proud of being a student of Oxford University.

3. After graduating from university he got an interesting job in Glasgow.

4. Выберите требуемую по смыслу форму глагола и переведите предложения на русский язык:

1. If I go to London I (will call, would call) you up.

2. If he had money he (would go, would have gone) to Great Britain.

3. If he (were not busy, had not been busy) last week, he would have attended the conference.

5. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на согласование времен:

1. I knew that she had gone to Great Britain two weeks before.

2. We asked her what places of interest she would visit in London.

3. She answered that she was a student of London University.

6. Найдите причастные обороты и переведите предложения на рус­ский язык:

1. Being a highly developed industrial country Great Britain exports motor-cars, aircraft, electric apparatus and other items.

2. There are about 1000 monuments inside the Westminster Abbey, commemorating the lives of famous poets and statesmen.

3. There are many rivers in Great Britain, the Severn being the longest in the country.

Вариант 5

1. Прочтите текст и ответьте устно на следующие вопросы:

1. What is the area of Canada?

2. What are the official languages in Canada?

CANADA

1. Canada occupies a great part of the North American Continent. The area is about 9 million square kilometres and it is the second largest country in the world.

2. Most of Northern Canada has sub arctic and arctic climate. Long cold winters last 8-11 months and summers are very short. But in the South the climate is temperate.

3. There are many lakes in Canada. The biggest of them are the Great Lakes which are on the US-Canada border. Niagara Falls attract a lot of tourists from all over the world.

4. Canada is a highly developed industrial and agricultural country. It is a world leader in the production of nickel, asbestos and other minerals. Canada has an ideal climate for growing wheat and barley. It is among the world's leading wheat producers and is second in the export of wheat.

5. The population of Canada is 24 million people. English and French are the official languages of Canada and have equal status and equal rights. Canada is a federation of ten provinces and two northern territories.

Ottawa is the capital of Canada with the population of 800,000 people.

2. Переведите в письменной форме абзацы 1, 4, 5.

3. Найдите герундий и переведите предложения на русский язык:

1. Visiting Niagara Falls made a great impression on us.

2. We heard of his planning to travel to Canada.

3. Many farmers in Canada are engaged in growing wheat.

4. Выберите требуемую форму глагола и переведите предложения на русский язык:

1. If the weather is fine, we (will go, would go) to Niagara Falls.

2. If I went to Canada, I (will visit, would visit) its numerous National Parks.

3. If he (knew, had known) about your plans, he would have joined you.

5. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на согласование времен:

1. The student said that he had visited Canada two months before.

2. The teacher asked the students what Canada's political status was.

3. Everyone knew that Canada had two official languages.

6. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на причастия:

1. Standing on the shore of Lake Ontario, Toronto is the largest city in Canada.

2. Toronto has a lot of fine modern buildings, City Hall being the most famous.

3. At night the Parliament Building is illuminated by thousands of lights, creating a view of a fairy-tale palace.

тексты для устного перевода

тексты энергетической И ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ ТЕМАТИКИ

HEAT AND ENERGY. CONSERVATION OF ENERGY

The study of heat and its transformations was one of great intellectual, and even greater technical and economic, importance for the development of modern civilization. Originally, it was merely observations of Nature, of feelings of warmth and cold, of the operations of cooking, of the changes of the weather. There had been plenty of early speculations about heat. It was clearly connected with both life and fire.

Aristotle, especially in his meteorology, fixed the doctrine of the qualities of hot and cold, which, with wet and dry, determined the canonical four elements of fire (hot, dry), water (cold, wet), air (hot, wet), and earth (cold, dry). This doctrine, a fusion of chemistry and physics, was particularly important in medicine and seemed to be supported by the experience of chills and fevers. Indeed it is from medicine that came the first elementary ideas of heat measurement, the idea of temperature.

However, heat began to become a quantitative science with the gradual expansion and increase in scale of the industrial operations. Dr. Black was the originator of the new view of heat. His approach was a medical-physical one. He found different substances to be heated to different degrees by the same amount of what he called the “matter of heat” establishing the heat capacity or specific heat of different substances. He also noticed that snow and ice took time to melt-that is absorb heat without getting hotter-and that the heat must be hidden or latent in melted water. The first practical application of the discovery of latent heat was to be made by a young Glasgow instrument maker, James Watt in im­proving the model of engine. Taking into account Black's idea of latent heat. Watt made an engine capable of driving machinery at steady speed even against very vari­able loads.

One of the great generalizations and the major contribution into physics of the nineteenth century was the doctrine of the conservation of energy, as a cosmic principle of the interchangeability of different forms of energy. The idea came from the study of the conversion of coal to power that had already been achieved in practice by steam-engine. It was given more and more mathematical form and emerged as the science of thermodynamics, the first law of which provided the principle of unification by showing that the forces of Nature previously considered separate such as material movement, sound, heat, light, electricity, and magnetism were all measurable in the same units, those of energy, the quantity of which in the universe neither increased nor decreased. The conservation of energy was a magnificent extension of Newton's principle of conservation of motion, like it, contained in itself no conception of pro­gressive change. However, the change did indeed follow from the second law, which limited the amount of work that could be got from each ton of coal by an engine of given design. The efficiency of engines at that time seldom rose to as much as five per cent.

The principle of the conservation of energy, of which mechanical work, electricity, and heat were only different forms, was the greatest physical discovery of the middle of the nineteenth century. It brought many sciences to­gether. Energy became the universal gold standard of changes in the universe. A fixed rate of exchange between different forms of energy was established - between the calories of heat, the foot-pounds of work, and the kilowatt-hours of electricity. The whole of human activity – industry, transport, lighting, ultimately food and life itself-was seen to depend on this one common term: energy.